Noise Limits in Thin-Film Magnetoelectric Sensors With Magnetic Frequency Conversion

To enable the measurement of low-frequency magnetic signals with cantilever type thin-film magnetoelectric sensors, magnetic frequency conversion transfers the frequency of the desired signal into the mechanical resonance of the cantilever. The system electronics for the realization of this approach and the approach itself introduce additional noise sources as compared with direct detection, which lowers the limit of detection. In this paper, the magnetic frequency conversion noise sources are reviewed, discussed, and evaluated for our setup. The model for the nonlinear transfer process is implemented in the time domain. This enables the consideration of the pump noise in a noise equivalent circuit. For the sensor type under investigation, the dominant noise near its optimal working point originates from the pump source. If the noise of the pump can be decreased and magnetic excess noise is not dominant, the noise limit is the thermal-mechanical noise of the sensor. The implementation of a filter after the excitation source decreases the limit of detection to 60 pT/ $\sqrt {\text {Hz}}$ at 10 Hz.