Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Cognitive measures are used frequently in the assessment and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this meta-analytic review, the authors sought to examine the magnitude of differences between ADHD and healthy participants on several commonly used intellectual and neuropsychological measures. Effect sizes for overall intellectual ability (Full Scale IQ; FSIQ) were significantly different between ADHD and healthy participants (weighted d =.61). Effect sizes for FSIQ were significantly smaller than those for spelling and arithmetic achievement tests and marginally significantly smaller than those for continuous performance tests but were comparable to effect sizes for all other measures. These findings indicate that overall cognitive ability is significantly lower among persons with ADHD and that FSIQ may show as large a difference between ADHD and control participants as most other measures.

[1]  R. Barkley,et al.  Time perception and reproduction in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 2001, Neuropsychology.

[2]  W. Velicer,et al.  Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. , 1986 .

[3]  J. Sattler.  Assessment of children: Cognitive applications, 4th ed. , 2001 .

[4]  K. Boone,et al.  Handbook of Normative Data for Neuropsychological Assessment , 1999 .

[5]  J. Fletcher,et al.  Executive functioning deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are independent of oppositional defiant or reading disorder. , 1999, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[6]  R. Barkley.  Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. , 1997, Psychological bulletin.

[7]  H. Quay.  Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 1997, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[8]  D. Wechsler.  Manual of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised , 1974 .

[9]  R. Bosker.  Boekbespreking van "A.S. Bryk & S.W. Raudenbusch - Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods" : Sage Publications, Newbury Parki, London/New Delhi 1992 , 1995 .

[10]  J. Sattler.  Assessment of Children: Cognitive Applications , 2001 .

[11]  Marley W. Watkins,et al.  Situational specificity and generality of test behaviors for samples of normal and referred children , 1996 .

[12]  G. Hynd,et al.  Attention-Deficit Disorder With (ADD/H) and Without (ADD/WO) Hyperactivity: Behavioral and Neuropsychological Differentiation , 1992 .

[13]  E. Sobanski,et al.  [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. An overview]. , 2004, Der Nervenarzt.

[14]  H. Koplewicz,et al.  The Effects of Auditory Stimulation on the Arithmetic Performance of Children with ADHD and Nondisabled Children , 1996, Journal of learning disabilities.

[15]  C. Carlson,et al.  Effects of Reward and Response Cost on the Performance and Motivation of Children with ADHD , 2000, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[16]  Larry B. Silver,et al.  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment , 1991 .

[17]  R. Barkley,et al.  Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. , 2001, Neuropsychology.

[18]  S. Faraone,et al.  Comorbidity between ADDH and learning disability: a review and report in a clinically referred sample. , 1992, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[19]  D. Wechsler.  Manual for the Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence , 1967 .

[20]  J. Halperin.  ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control , 1999 .

[21]  W. C. Shipley.  A Self-Administering Scale for Measuring Intellectual Impairment and Deterioration , 1940 .

[22]  David Wechsler,et al.  Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children , 1974 .

[23]  Anthony S. Bryk,et al.  Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods , 1992 .

[24]  G. McCloskey.  Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised , 1987 .

[25]  Robert K. Heaton,et al.  Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual – Revised and Expanded , 1993 .

[26]  A. Kaufman,et al.  Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence , 1990 .

[27]  R. Dykman,et al.  Attention Deficit Disorder and Specific Reading Disability: Separate but Often Overlapping Disorders , 1991, Journal of learning disabilities.

[28]  R. Barkley,et al.  Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 1997 .

[29]  O. Spreen,et al.  A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary , 1991 .

[30]  R. Barkley,et al.  The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: II. Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status. , 1990, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[31]  A. Rey,et al.  Translations of excerpts from Andre Rey"s Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy and P. A. Osterrieth"s The Complex Figure Copy Test.. , 1993 .

[32]  Mark W. Lipsey,et al.  Practical Meta-Analysis , 2000 .

[33]  G. A. Miller,et al.  Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. , 2001, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[34]  J. Ridley.  Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions , 2001 .

[35]  A. Kaufman.  Intelligent testing with the WISC-R , 1979 .

[36]  R. Barkley,et al.  Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. , 1990, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[37]  Donald T. Campbell,et al.  A Primer on Regression Artifacts , 1999 .

[38]  Chantal Kemner,et al.  Auditory event-related brain potentials in autistic children and three different control groups , 1995, Biological Psychiatry.

[39]  R. Orwin.  A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. , 1983 .

[40]  Russell A. Barkley,et al.  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 2nd ed. , 1998 .

[41]  R. Michels,et al.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed , 1981 .

[42]  B. Pennington,et al.  A Comparison of the Neuropsychological Profiles of the DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD , 2001, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[43]  J. Kagan.  Reflection--impulsivity: the generality and dynamics of conceptual tempo. , 1966, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[44]  Dc Washington.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. , 1994 .

[45]  N. Todorov.  Intelligent Testing with the WISC-III,Kaufman Alan. S.,NY:John Wiley & Sons (1994),401 pp., $79.95 hardcover , 1995, Behaviour Change.

[46]  Error Patterns , 2001 .

[47]  C. Junqué,et al.  Right Hemisphere Dysfunction in Subjects With Attention-Deficit Disorder With and Without Hyperactivity , 1997, Journal of child neurology.

[48]  J. D. Ball,et al.  Neuropsychological Characteristics of Adults with ADHD: A Comprehensive Review of Initial Studies , 2002, The Clinical neuropsychologist.

[49]  Donald B. Rubin,et al.  Meta-Analytic Procedures for Combining Studies With Multiple Effect Sizes , 1986 .

[50]  M. Monuteaux,et al.  Learning disabilities and executive dysfunction in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2001, Neuropsychology.

[51]  Jae-On Kim,et al.  Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues , 1978 .

[52]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children , 1990 .

[53]  L. Tamm,et al.  Responsiveness of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder to reward and response cost: differential impact on performance and motivation. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[54]  S. Ozonoff,et al.  Brief Report: Specific Executive Function Profiles in Three Neurodevelopmental Disorders , 1999, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[55]  R. Reitan.  Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage , 1958 .

[56]  J. Calabrese,et al.  Who Are the Comorbid Adolescents? Agreement Between Psychiatric Diagnosis, Youth, Parent, and Teacher Report , 2003, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[57]  R. Rosenthal.  Meta-analytic procedures for social research , 1984 .

[58]  R. Klein,et al.  Error patterns on the continuous performance test in non-medicated and medicated samples of children with and without ADHD: a meta-analytic review. , 1996, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[59]  M. Rapport,et al.  Upgrading the Science and Technology of Assessment and Diagnosis: Laboratory and Clinic-Based Assessment of Children With ADHD , 2000, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[60]  D. Wechsler.  Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. , 1955 .

[61]  R. Tannock,et al.  Psychiatric, psychosocial, and cognitive functioning of female adolescents with ADHD. , 2001, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[62]  G D Logan,et al.  Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious, and control children: a meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. , 1998, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.