Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse

Abstract It is not too late, but about time to realize how damaging IT overuse can be. The present paper discusses why it is of tremendous importance to study the effect of the Internet, smartphone, and other new digital technologies on individuals’ productivity and well-being. Besides its recognized addictive nature, it also becomes clear that such technology inevitably alters our natural social lives, which has, in our opinion, the potential to harm entire societies. In developed countries, we are more or less all using digital devices for communication purposes; we surf the Internet and we download apps on a daily basis. We present two lines of argument as to why the study of technological (over)use and its consequences is of tremendous importance. First, we outline under which circumstances use of smartphones and Internet can make us unproductive. Second, we anchor the (over)use of technologies in an affective neuroscience framework. Both these approaches to describing and understanding the consequences of digital technology use clearly show that many humans are already “overusing” technology. Therefore, we also provide some initial ideas on how to cut down technology use in order to live more satisfying and happier lives. Let us look into each other’s eyes and begin to spend more quality time with our loved ones outside in nature instead of staring at digital devices.

[1]  D. Hoang FLOW: The Psychology of Optimal Experience , 2018 .

[2]  Christian Montag,et al.  A Short Summary of Neuroscientific Findings on Internet Addiction , 2017 .

[3]  Nicole Fruehauf Flow The Psychology Of Optimal Experience , 2016 .

[4]  Cornelia Herbert,et al.  Emotional facial expressions evoke faster orienting responses, but weaker emotional responses at neural and behavioural levels compared to scenes: A simultaneous EEG and facial EMG study , 2016, NeuroImage.

[5]  C. Montag,et al.  Smartphone usage in the 21st century: who is active on WhatsApp? , 2015, BMC Research Notes.

[6]  Christian Montag,et al.  The importance of analogue zeitgebers to reduce digital addictive tendencies in the 21st century , 2015, Addictive behaviors reports.

[7]  Christian Montag,et al.  Is it meaningful to distinguish between generalized and specific Internet addiction? Evidence from a cross‐cultural study from Germany, Sweden, Taiwan and China , 2015, Asia-Pacific psychiatry : official journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists.

[8]  C. Montag,et al.  Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a Better Predictor for Problematic Internet use than Depression: Evidence from Germany , 2015 .

[9]  Elizabeth W. Dunn,et al.  Checking email less frequently reduces stress , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[10]  Koller Monika,et al.  Towards Alternative Ways to Measure Attitudes Related to Consumption: Introducing Startle Reflex Modulation , 2015 .

[11]  Wolfgang Dau,et al.  Therapeutic Interventions in the Treatment of Problematic Internet Use—Experiences from Germany , 2015 .

[12]  C. Montag,et al.  Molecular Genetics, Personality and Internet Addiction , 2015 .

[13]  L. Janiri,et al.  Pharmacological Treatment of Internet Addiction , 2015 .

[14]  J. Wessberg,et al.  Discriminative and Affective Touch: Sensing and Feeling , 2014, Neuron.

[15]  P. Walla,et al.  Consumer neuroscience to inform consumers—physiological methods to identify attitude formation related to over-consumption and environmental damage , 2014, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[16]  Christopher M. Barnes,et al.  Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep , 2014 .

[17]  Christian Montag,et al.  Self-esteem, personality and Internet Addiction: A cross-cultural comparison study , 2014 .

[18]  Fred D. Davis,et al.  Trusting Humans and Avatars: A Brain Imaging Study Based on Evolution Theory , 2014, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[19]  Min Kwon,et al.  The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents , 2013, PloS one.

[20]  Hyunna Kim Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction , 2013, Journal of exercise rehabilitation.

[21]  Min Kwon,et al.  Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) , 2013, PloS one.

[22]  K. Fountas Novel Frontiers of Advanced Neuroimaging , 2013 .

[23]  Jaak Panksepp,et al.  Neuroimaging Helps to Clarify Brain Affective Processing Without Necessarily Clarifying Emotions , 2013 .

[24]  René Riedl,et al.  On the biology of technostress: literature review and research agenda , 2012, DATB.

[25]  Hyun-Kyung Lee,et al.  The influence of smartphone addiction on mental health, campus life and personal relations - Focusing on K university students , 2012 .

[26]  Peter Walla,et al.  Bottle Shape Elicits Gender-Specific Emotion: A Startle Reflex Modulation Study , 2012 .

[27]  J. Smallwood,et al.  Inspired by Distraction : Mind Wandering Facilitates Creative Incubation , 2012 .

[28]  Giuseppe Riva,et al.  Why Is Facebook So Successful? Psychophysiological Measures Describe a Core Flow State While Using Facebook , 2011, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[29]  J. Panksepp Cross-Species Affective Neuroscience Decoding of the Primal Affective Experiences of Humans and Related Animals , 2011, PloS one.

[30]  Christian Montag,et al.  Internet Addiction and Personality in First-Person-Shooter Video Gamers , 2011, J. Media Psychol. Theor. Methods Appl..

[31]  T. Field Touch for Socioemotional and Physical Well-Being: A Review. , 2010 .

[32]  Christian Montag,et al.  Low self-directedness is a better predictor for problematic internet use than high neuroticism , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[33]  R. Tao,et al.  Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. , 2010, Addiction.

[34]  J. Holt-Lunstad,et al.  Influence of a “Warm Touch” Support Enhancement Intervention Among Married Couples on Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Oxytocin, Alpha Amylase, and Cortisol , 2008, Psychosomatic medicine.

[35]  Bartholomäus Wissmath,et al.  Playing online games against computer- vs. human-controlled opponents: Effects on presence, flow, and enjoyment , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[36]  E. Hardie,et al.  Excessive internet use: the role of personality, loneliness and social support networks in internet addiction , 2007 .

[37]  C. Ko,et al.  The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. , 2007, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[38]  J. Panksepp Can PLAY diminish ADHD and facilitate the construction of the social brain? , 2007, Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent.

[39]  M. Griffiths,et al.  ‘Internet Addiction’: A Critical Review , 2006, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.

[40]  R. Edelmann,et al.  Reasons for internet use and social anxiety , 2005 .

[41]  I. Lyoo,et al.  Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and Internet addiction , 2004, Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[42]  K. Lambert The life and career of Paul MacLean A journey toward neurobiological and social harmony , 2003, Physiology & Behavior.

[43]  J. Panksepp Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions , 1998 .

[44]  Kimberly Young,et al.  Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder , 1998, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[45]  M. Csíkszentmihályi Flow. The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York (HarperPerennial) 1990. , 1990 .

[46]  L. Berkowitz Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. , 1989, Psychological bulletin.

[47]  M. Csíkszentmihályi,et al.  Optimal experience in work and leisure. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[48]  J. Arendt,et al.  Light and melatonin as zeitgebers in man. , 1987, Chronobiology international.

[49]  N. Pierce Origin of Species , 1914, Nature.