Work strain, health, and absenteeism: a meta-analysis.

Work strain has been argued to be a significant cause of absenteeism in the popular and academic press. However, definitive evidence for associations between absenteeism and strain is currently lacking. A theory focused meta-analysis of 275 effects from 153 studies revealed positive but small associations between absenteeism and work strain, psychological illness, and physical illness. Structural equation modeling results suggested that the strain-absence connection may be mediated by psychological and physical symptoms. Little support was received for the purported volitional distinction between absence frequency and time lost absence measures on the basis of illness. Among the moderators examined, common measurement, midterm and stable sources of variance, and publication year received support.

[1]  Steven E. Markham,et al.  Job stress and employee withdrawal from work. , 1992 .

[2]  C. Harris.  Problems in measuring change , 1965 .

[3]  S. Serxner,et al.  The Impact of Behavioral Health Risks on Worker Absenteeism , 2001, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[4]  D. Ones,et al.  Theory testing: Combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling , 1995 .

[5]  W. Mischel.  Personality and Assessment , 1996 .

[6]  Muhammad Jamall,et al.  Moonlighting: Personal, Social, and Organizational Consequences , 1986 .

[7]  Robert Cudeck,et al.  Analysis of correlation matrices using covariance structure models. , 1989 .

[8]  T. Wall,et al.  The impact of psychological distress on absence from work. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[9]  Gary Johns,et al.  How methodological diversity has improved our understanding of absenteeism from work , 2003 .

[10]  D Eden,et al.  Effects of a respite from work on burnout: vacation relief and fade-out. , 1997, The Journal of applied psychology.

[11]  Rick D. Hackett,et al.  An evaluation of employee absenteeism as a coping mechanism among hospital nurses , 1996 .

[12]  R. Bhagat,et al.  Total life stress: A multimethod validation of the construct and its effects on organizationally valued outcomes and withdrawal behaviors. , 1985 .

[13]  Nigel Nicholson,et al.  ABSENCE BEHAVIOUR AND ATTENDANCE MOTIVATION: A CONCEPTUAL SYNTHESIS , 2007 .

[14]  S. Reisine.  Dental Disease and Work Loss , 1984, Journal of dental research.

[15]  Nigel Nicholson,et al.  The Absence Culture and Psychological Contract—Who's in Control of Absence? , 1985 .

[16]  M. Hersen,et al.  Handbook of mental health in the workplace , 2002 .

[17]  S. Erickson,et al.  A cross-sectional analysis of work-related outcomes in adults with asthma. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[18]  U Wagner,et al.  Stress and strain in teaching: a structural equation approach. , 2001, The British journal of educational psychology.

[19]  Monica A. Hemingway,et al.  Organizational climate and occupational stressors as predictors of withdrawal behaviours and injuries in nurses , 1999 .

[20]  Robert T. Keller,et al.  The Role of Performance and Absenteeism in the Prediction of Turnover , 1984 .

[21]  Rachel Jenkins.  Minor psychiatric morbidity in employed young men and women and its contribution to sickness absence. , 1985, British journal of industrial medicine.

[22]  Peter Villanova,et al.  The criterion problem: 1917–1992. , 1992 .

[23]  S. Anderson,et al.  Formal Organizational Initiatives and Informal Workplace Practices: Links to Work-Family Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes , 2002 .

[24]  James G. Anderson,et al.  The Nursing Stress Scale: Development of an instrument , 1981 .

[25]  B. Moen,et al.  Frequent musculoskeletal symptoms and reduced health-related quality of life among industrial workers. , 2002, Occupational medicine.

[26]  T. Wall,et al.  Women on the assembly line: A comparison of main and interactive explanations of job satisfaction, absence and mental health , 1987 .

[27]  Monty L. Hammontree,et al.  The Effects of Hardiness, Police Stress, and Life Stress on Police Officers' Illness and Absenteeism , 1992 .

[28]  Wilmar B. Schaufeli,et al.  Unfairness at work as a predictor of absenteeism , 2002 .

[29]  Diane-Jocelyne Côté,et al.  L'absentéisme des femmes et des hommes: une méta‐analyse , 2009 .

[30]  M. Koslowsky,et al.  Voluntary employee withdrawal and inattendance : a current perspective , 2002 .

[31]  David J. Woehr,et al.  Further analysis of employment interview validity: a quantitative evaluation of interviewer-related structuring methods , 1999 .

[32]  T. DeCotiis,et al.  Organizational Determinants of Job Stress , 1983 .

[33]  J. Siegrist,et al.  Chronic work stress, sickness absence, and hypertension in middle managers: general or specific sociological explanations? , 1997, Social science & medicine.

[34]  Connie R. Wanberg,et al.  Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. , 2005, The Journal of applied psychology.

[35]  M. Weissman,et al.  Service utilization and social morbidity associated with depressive symptoms in the community. , 1992, JAMA.

[36]  Nathan P. Podsakoff,et al.  Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: a meta-analysis. , 2007, The Journal of applied psychology.

[37]  J. Dartigues,et al.  Comparative view of the socioeconomic impact of migraine versus low back pain. , 1998, Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache.

[38]  Mara Olekalns,et al.  Affectivity, Organizational Stressors, and Absenteeism: A Causal Model of Burnout and Its Consequences , 1998 .

[39]  Don P. Buesching,et al.  Sleep problems and their correlates in a working population , 2007, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[40]  Cheri Ostroff.  The Effects of Climate and Personal Influences on Individual Behavior and Attitudes in Organizations , 1993 .

[41]  O. Siu.  Predictors of job satisfaction and absenteeism in two samples of Hong Kong nurses. , 2002, Journal of advanced nursing.

[42]  Brooks C. Holtom,et al.  The influence of motivation to attend, ability to attend, and organizational commitment on different types of absence behaviors. , 2002 .

[43]  R. R. Haccoun,et al.  Absence Research: A Critique of Previous Approaches and an Example for a New Direction , 2009 .

[44]  P. Costa,et al.  Disease-prone personality or distress-prone personality? The role of neuroticism in coronary heart disease. , 1990 .

[45]  Muhammad Jamal,et al.  Shift Work Related to Job Attitudes, Social Participation and Withdrawal Behavior: A Study of Nurses and Industrial Workers. , 1981 .

[46]  Gary Johns,et al.  How often were you absent? A review of the use of self-reported absence data , 1994 .

[47]  S. Peterson,et al.  The impact of a large-scale traumatic event on individual and organizational outcomes: exploring employee and company reactions to September 11, 2001 , 2002 .

[48]  M. Sarnes,et al.  Productivity Losses Related to the Common Cold , 2002, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[49]  Cary L. Cooper,et al.  The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior , 2008 .

[50]  John Schaubroeck,et al.  A FIELD EXPERIMENT TESTING SUPERVISORY ROLE CLARIFICATION , 2006 .

[51]  S. Cohen,et al.  Stress and infectious disease in humans. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[52]  J. A. Lee.  Balancing elder care responsibilities and work: two empirical studies. , 1997, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[53]  P. Metcalf,et al.  Diabetes Mellitus and Employment: Is there Discrimination in the Workplace? , 1993, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[54]  Mark Tausig,et al.  Family and Health Outcomes of Shift Work and Schedule Control , 2001 .

[55]  C. Sabin,et al.  Assessing the relationship between productivity levels and severity of haemophilia , 2001, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[56]  Mahbubur Rahman,et al.  Job stress, satisfaction and mental health of factory workers in Bangladesh , 1989 .

[57]  M. Bazerman,et al.  Social psychology of absenteeism , 1982 .

[58]  R. MacCallum,et al.  Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. , 2000, Annual review of psychology.

[59]  D Eden,et al.  Relief from job stressors and burnout: reserve service as a respite. , 1998, The Journal of applied psychology.

[60]  W. Schaufeli,et al.  Inequity at work: Its measurement and association with worker health , 2002 .

[61]  M. Seifert.  The relationship of role problems, work trauma, cynicism, social support, and spiritual support to the physical and mental health, work performance, and absenteeism of correctional officers. , 1995 .

[62]  Charles D. Spielberger,et al.  The Job Stress Survey: Measuring gender differences in occupation stress. , 1994 .

[63]  N. Breslau,et al.  Migraine, physical health and psychiatric disorder: a prospective epidemiologic study in young adults. , 1993, Journal of psychiatric research.

[64]  M. Jamal,et al.  Type A Behavior, Its Prevalence and Consequences Among Women Nurses: An Empirical Examination , 1991 .

[65]  John E. Hunter,et al.  Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings , 1991 .

[66]  Manfred S. Green,et al.  Hypertension and Sickness Absence: The Role of Perceived Symptoms , 1997, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[67]  J. Hörnquist,et al.  Precursors of repeated short-term sick-leave , 1993, Scandinavian journal of social medicine.

[68]  Gary Johns,et al.  A multi-level theory of self-serving behavior in and by organizations. , 1999 .

[69]  Greg R. Oldham,et al.  Reconsidering Our Dependent Variables: A Critique and Empirical Study , 1978 .

[70]  John M. Ivancevich,et al.  Life events and hassles as predictors of health symptoms, job performance, and absenteeism , 1986 .

[71]  B. Buunk,et al.  Health complaints, social comparisons, and absenteeism. , 1994 .

[72]  Paul E. Spector,et al.  Relations of job characteristics from multiple data sources with employee affect, absence, turnover intentions, and health. , 1991, The Journal of applied psychology.

[73]  Richard M. Steers,et al.  Major influences on employee attendance: A process model. , 1978 .

[74]  Terry A. Beehr,et al.  The Current Debate About the Meaning of Job Stress , 1987 .

[75]  D Westerling,et al.  Pain from the Neck-Shoulder Region and Sick Leave , 1980, Scandinavian journal of social medicine.

[76]  John E. Hunter,et al.  Dichotomization of continuous variables: the implications for meta-analysis , 1990 .

[77]  R. Lazarus.  Stress, coping, and illness. , 1990 .

[78]  H. Friedman.  Personality and disease. , 1990 .

[79]  Shelomo Breznitz,et al.  Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects , 1993 .

[80]  F. Nijhuis,et al.  Associations between work stress, alcohol consumption and sickness absence. , 1998, Addiction.

[81]  Joseph J. Martocchio,et al.  Five-factor model of personality and employee absence , 1997 .

[82]  Alan D. Baddeley,et al.  Attention: Selection, Awareness, and Control , 1993 .

[83]  S. Gilliland,et al.  Why Meta-Analysis Doesn’t Tell Us What the Data Really Mean: Distinguishing between Moderator Effects and Moderator Processes , 1995 .

[84]  R. R. Macdonald,et al.  Self-perceived occupational stress and distress in a Scottish police force , 1997 .

[85]  G. Johns,et al.  National Culture and Perceptions of Absence Legitimacy , 2002 .

[86]  M. Jamal,et al.  Shiftwork, burnout, and well-being: A study of canadian nurses , 1997, International Journal of Stress Management.

[87]  V. Helgeson,et al.  Sex Differences in Coping Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review and an Examination of Relative Coping , 2002 .

[88]  Robert P. Steel,et al.  Methodological and operational issues in the construction of absence variables , 2003 .

[89]  William R. Shadish,et al.  Meta-analysis and the exploration of causal mediating processes: A primer of examples, methods, and issues. , 1996 .

[90]  P. Smulders.  Comments on employee absence/attendance as a dependent variable in organizational research. , 1980 .

[91]  P. Costa,et al.  Hypochondriasis, neuroticism, and aging. When are somatic complaints unfounded? , 1985, The American psychologist.

[92]  Jennifer M. George,et al.  Mood and absence. , 1989 .

[93]  Gary Johns,et al.  Absenteeism or Presenteeism? Attendance Dynamics and Employee Well‐Being , 2008 .

[94]  A. Undén.  Social support at work and its relationship to absenteeism , 1996 .

[95]  S. Segerstrom,et al.  Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. , 2004, Psychological bulletin.

[96]  Robert L. Kahn,et al.  Stress in organizations. , 1992 .

[97]  A. R. Bass,et al.  Employee drug use, demographic characteristics, work reactions, and absenteeism. , 1996, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[98]  M. Salyers.  Predictors and consequences of staff burnout: A longitudinal study of assertive community treatment case managers. , 1998 .

[99]  J. E. Sheridan.  A catastrophe model of employee withdrawal leading to low job performance, high absenteeism, and job turnover during the first year of employment. , 1985, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[100]  Catherine Kirchmeyer,et al.  Different strategies for managing the work non-work interface: A test for unique pathways to work outcomes , 1999 .

[101]  S. Donaldson,et al.  The seven health practices, well-being, and performance at work: evidence for the value of reaching small and underserved worksites. , 1995, Preventive medicine.

[102]  Lawrence B. Mohr,et al.  Explaining Organizational Behavior: The Limits and Possibilities of Theory and Research. , 1983 .

[103]  Robert G. Orwin,et al.  EVALUATING CODING DECISIONS , 2019, The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis.

[104]  D. J. Abramis,et al.  Relationship of Job Stressors to Job Performance: Linear or an Inverted-U? , 1994, Psychological reports.

[105]  Wilmar B. Schaufeli,et al.  Job Demands and Job Resources as Predictors of Absence Duration and Frequency. , 2003 .

[106]  A. Healey,et al.  Mental Health and Absence from Work: New Evidence from the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey , 2003 .

[107]  Julie A. Wright,et al.  Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. , 1999 .

[108]  C. Kilfedder,et al.  Burnout in psychiatric nursing. , 2001, Journal of advanced nursing.

[109]  J. Edwards.  A Cybernetic Theory of Stress, Coping, and Well-Being in Organizations , 1992 .

[110]  F. Bond,et al.  Job control mediates change in a work reorganization intervention for stress reduction. , 2001, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[111]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  A stitch in time: self-regulation and proactive coping. , 1997, Psychological bulletin.

[112]  S. Melamed,et al.  Objective and subjective work monotony: effects on job satisfaction, psychological distress, and absenteeism in blue-collar workers. , 1995, The Journal of applied psychology.

[113]  William R. Shadish,et al.  Using odds ratios as effect sizes for meta-analysis of dichotomous data: A primer on methods and issues. , 1998 .

[114]  R. Hackett.  Age, Tenure, and Employee Absenteeism , 1990 .

[115]  Karen A. Matthews,et al.  Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: do negative emotions play a role? , 2003 .

[116]  S. Hobfoll.  Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. , 1989, The American psychologist.

[117]  M. Frings-Dresen,et al.  The trucker strain monitor: an occupation-specific questionnaire measuring psychological job strain , 2001, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[118]  Phyllis S. Gabriel,et al.  Mental health and work : impact, issues, and good practices , 2000 .

[119]  David A. Harrison,et al.  Context and consistency in absenteeism: studying social and dispositional influences across multiple settings , 2003 .

[120]  Gerald R. Salancik,et al.  On Priming, Consistency, and Order Effects in Job Attitude Assessment: With a Note on Current Research , 1984 .

[121]  Ricky W. Griffin,et al.  Health and Well-Being in the Workplace: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature , 1999 .

[122]  P. Sackett,et al.  Correction for range restriction: an expanded typology. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[123]  R. Payne,et al.  Absence from work: explanations and attributions , 1987 .

[124]  I.L.D. Houtman,et al.  Linear and nonlinear relations between psychosocial job characteristics, subjective outcomes, and sickness absence : baseline results from SMASH , 2000 .

[125]  L R Murphy,et al.  Prevention of work-related psychological disorders. A national strategy proposed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). , 1990, The American psychologist.

[126]  Michael R. Manning,et al.  The relationship between absenteeism and stress. , 1989 .

[127]  Pårl Ulleberg,et al.  Job stress, social support, job satisfaction and absenteeism among offshore oil personnel , 1997 .

[128]  Jason D. Shaw,et al.  Pay fairness and employee outcomes: Exacerbation and attenuation effects of financial need , 2001 .

[129]  V. Baba.  Methodological issues in modeling absence: A comparison of least squares and Tobit analyses. , 1990 .

[130]  J. Ho.  Corporate wellness programmes in Singapore: effect on stress, satisfaction and absenteeism , 1997 .

[131]  Phyllis Tharenou,et al.  A test of reciprocal causality for absenteeism , 1993 .

[132]  J. Mullooly,et al.  Health Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Utilization of Outpatient Services for Members of a Prepaid Group Practice , 1977, Medical care.

[133]  Melvin Blumberg,et al.  Job Switching in Autonomous Work Groups: An Exploratory Study in a Pennsylvania Coal Mine , 1980 .

[134]  C. Cooper,et al.  Organizational Stress: A Review and Critique of Theory, Research, and Applications , 2001 .

[135]  C. Cooper,et al.  Predictive validity of the strain components of the occupational stress indicator , 1992 .

[136]  Robert J. House,et al.  Role conflict and ambiguity as critical variables in a model of organizational behavior , 1972 .

[137]  Roderick D. Iverson,et al.  Work Relationships in Telephone Call Centres: Understanding Emotional Exhaustion and Employee Withdrawal , 2002 .

[138]  George F. F. Lombard,et al.  Absenteeism : management's problem . Teamwork and labor turnover in the aircraft industry of Southern California , 1957 .

[139]  T. Kristensen,et al.  The Intervention Project on Absence and Well-being (IPAW): Design and results from the baseline of a 5-year study , 2002 .

[140]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  The person-situation debate in historical and current perspective. , 1985 .

[141]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. , 1977 .

[142]  C. Cooper,et al.  Chinese version of the OSI : a validation study , 1997 .

[143]  A. Segall,et al.  Gender differences in health related behaviour: some unanswered questions. , 1991, Social science & medicine.

[144]  G. Robert J. Hockey,et al.  Cognitive-energetical control mechanisms in the management of work demands and psychological health. , 1993 .

[145]  J. Pfeffer,et al.  A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. , 1978, Administrative science quarterly.

[146]  S. Szedmák,et al.  Socioeconomic factors, severity of depressive symptomatology, and sickness absence rate in the Hungarian population. , 1995, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[147]  G. Tollefson,et al.  Comorbid anxious signs and symptoms in major depression: impact on functional work capacity and comparative treatment outcomes , 1993, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[148]  Terry A. Beehr,et al.  JOB STRESS, EMPLOYEE HEALTH, AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: A FACET ANALYSIS, MODEL, AND LITERATURE REVIEW , 1978 .

[149]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Is there a link between subjective daytime somnolence and sickness absenteeism? A study in a working population , 2001, Journal of sleep research.

[150]  E. Trist,et al.  Changes in Accidents and other Absences with Length of Service , 1955 .

[151]  S. Jackson,et al.  A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings , 1985 .

[152]  C. Cooper,et al.  A criterion oriented validation study of the OSI outcome measures on a sample of health service employees , 1991 .

[153]  M. Jamal,et al.  Job stress and job performance controversy: an empirical assessment. , 1984, Organizational behavior and human performance.

[154]  T. Lang,et al.  Sleeping tablet consumption, self reported quality of sleep, and working conditions. Group of Occupational Physicians of APSAT. , 1993, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[155]  S. Deery,et al.  The determinants of absenteeism: evidence from Australian blue–collar employees , 1995 .

[156]  P D Evans,et al.  Life-events and mood as predictors of the common cold. , 1991, The British journal of medical psychology.

[157]  S. Maes,et al.  The role of cognition and coping in health behavior outcomes of asthmatic patients , 1987 .

[158]  R. Erickson,et al.  Family Influences on Absenteeism: Testing an Expanded Process Model , 2000 .

[159]  Timothy W. Smith,et al.  Personality and Health: Progress and Problems in Psychosomatics , 1997 .

[160]  Paul E. Spector,et al.  Relation of job stressors to affective, health, and performance outcomes: a comparison of multiple data sources. , 1988, The Journal of applied psychology.

[161]  C. M. Pierce,et al.  Psychological and biographical differences between secondary school teachers experiencing high and low levels of burnout. , 1990, The British journal of educational psychology.

[162]  Randall S. Schuler,et al.  An integrative transactional process model of stress in organizations , 1982 .

[163]  M. D. Dunnette.  Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , 2005 .

[164]  M. Marmot,et al.  Socioeconomic and sex differentials in reason for sickness absence from the Whitehall II Study. , 1998, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[165]  K. Shultz,et al.  Gender differences on coping with job stress and organizational outcomes , 1998 .

[166]  V. Baba,et al.  Occupational mental health: a study of work-related depression among nurses in the Caribbean. , 1999, International journal of nursing studies.

[167]  Lawrence H. Peters,et al.  The behavioral and affective consequences of performance-relevant situational variables☆ , 1980 .

[168]  C. Cooper,et al.  MANAGERIAL STRESS, JOB SATISFACTION AND HEALTH IN TAIWAN , 1999 .

[169]  Psychological Distress in Staff of a Social Services District Office: A Pilot Study , 1996 .

[170]  Gary Johns,et al.  The Psychology of Lateness, Absenteeism, and Turnover , 2001 .

[171]  John E. Mathieu,et al.  Clarifying conditions and decision points for mediational type inferences in Organizational Behavior , 2006 .

[172]  G. Hensing,et al.  Psychiatric disorders as a factor in sick-leave due to other diagnoses , 1998, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[173]  Fritz Drasgow,et al.  The Psychology of Work : Theoretically Based Empirical Research , 2003 .

[174]  P. O. Saksvik.  Attendance pressure during organizational change , 1996 .

[175]  D. Harrison,et al.  CONNECTIONS BETWEEN LOWER BACK PAIN, INTERVENTIONS, AND ABSENCE FROM WORK: A TIME‐BASED META‐ANALYSIS , 2000 .

[176]  Paula Brough,et al.  Stress and coping , 2008 .

[177]  Paul E. Spector,et al.  Relationships of Work Stressors with Aggression, Withdrawal, Theft and Substance Use: An Exploratory Study , 1992 .

[178]  G. Johns.  Absenteeism and Presenteeism: Not at Work or Not Working Well , 2008 .

[179]  M. Goldberg,et al.  Psychosocial factors at work and subsequent depressive symptoms in the Gazel cohort. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[180]  D. Kiker,et al.  A meta-analysis of the non-monetary effects of employee health management programs. , 2003 .

[181]  I. Nyklíček,et al.  Testing the Vitamin Model of job stress in Dutch health care workers , 2001 .

[182]  R. Bhagat,et al.  Organizational stress, personal life stress, and symptoms of life strains: An examination of the moderating role of sense of competence , 1989 .

[183]  Saroj Parasuraman,et al.  Predicting Turnover Intentions and Turnover Behavior: A Multivariate Analysis. , 1982 .

[184]  G. Johnson.  The essential impact of context on organizational behavior , 2006 .

[185]  R. Jenkins.  Minor psychiatric morbidity in employed men and women and its contribution to sickness absence , 1980, Psychological Medicine.

[186]  Arie Shirom,et al.  Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. , 2006, Psychological bulletin.

[187]  J. Ivancevich,et al.  Note on tension discharge rate as an employee health status predictor. , 1983, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[188]  L. Hedges,et al.  The Handbook of Research Synthesis , 1995 .

[189]  R. Guion,et al.  A reevaluation of the absenteeism-job satisfaction relationship. , 1985, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[190]  John M. Ivancevich,et al.  Job Stress: From Theory to Suggestion , 1987 .

[191]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[192]  R. Guion,et al.  Absenteeism among hospital nurses: an idiographic-longitudinal analysis. , 1989, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[193]  L. H. Pelled,et al.  Down and Out: An Investigation of the Relationship between Mood and Employee Withdrawal Behavior , 1999 .

[194]  Denise M. Rousseau,et al.  Relationship of work to nonwork. , 1978 .

[195]  Rick D. Hacket.  Work attitudes and employee absenteeism: A synthesis of the literature* , 1989 .

[196]  P. Östergren,et al.  Do common symptoms in women predict long spells of sickness absence? A prospective community-based study on Swedish women 40 to 50 years of age , 2002, Scandinavian journal of public health.

[197]  F. Nijhuis,et al.  The Job Demands-Job Control Model and absence behaviour: Results of a 3-year longitudinal study , 1999 .

[198]  C. L. Cooper,et al.  Occupational Stress in Health Service Employees , 1990, Health services management research.

[199]  Ulrich Rendtel,et al.  Editorial , 2014, Journal of basic microbiology.

[200]  John A. Johnson,et al.  Handbook of personality psychology. , 1997 .

[201]  M. Jamal,et al.  Type A behavior, components, and outcomes: A study of Canadian employees. , 2003 .

[202]  G. Johns.  Absenteeism estimates by employees and managers: Divergent perspectives and self-serving perceptions. , 1994 .

[203]  Mark Fichman,et al.  Variance Explained: Why Size Does Not (Always) Matter , 1999 .

[204]  John E. Hunter,et al.  Methods of Meta-Analysis , 1989 .

[205]  R. Ursano,et al.  Psychological conditions diagnosed among veterans seeking Department of Defense Care for Gulf War-related health concerns. , 1999, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[206]  Rick R. Jacobs,et al.  Validity Evidence Linking Polychronicity and Big Five Personality Dimensions to Absence, Lateness, and Supervisory Performance Ratings , 2003 .

[207]  A. Cohen.  An examination of the relationship between work commitment and work outcomes among hospital nurses , 1998 .

[208]  S. Jackson.  Participation in decision making as a strategy for reducing job-related strain. , 1983 .

[209]  T. Probst.  The impact of job insecurity on employee work attitudes, job adaptation, and organizational withdrawal behaviors. , 2002 .

[210]  Work-related consequences of smoking cessation. , 1989 .

[211]  W. Keith Campbell,et al.  Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review , 2002 .

[212]  C. Cooper,et al.  International review of industrial and organizational psychology , 1986 .

[213]  R. K. Trivedi,et al.  Interrelationship between job anxiety and absenteeism. , 1981 .

[214]  Gary Johns,et al.  Women's absenteeism in the popular press: Evidence for a gender-specific absence culture , 2007 .

[215]  L. Frederiksen,et al.  ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT , 1981 .

[216]  J. Peiró,et al.  Job characteristics, physical and psychological symptoms, and social support as antecedents of sickness absence among men and women in the private industrial sector. , 2003, Social science & medicine.

[217]  Barbara A. Spencer,et al.  Development and Test of a Multivariate Model of Absenteeism , 1989 .

[218]  G. Johns,et al.  Perceptions of absence from work: People's Republic of China versus Canada. , 1998, The Journal of applied psychology.

[219]  J. Quick,et al.  Work Stress: Health Care Systems in the Workplace. , 1988 .

[220]  Y. Fried,et al.  Work absence as a function of a national traumatic event: The case of Prime Minister Rabin's assassination , 2001 .

[221]  J. French,et al.  Job demands and worker health : main effects and occupational differences , 1980 .

[222]  M. Kivimäki,et al.  Death or Illness of a Family Member, Violence, Interpersonal Conflict, and Financial Difficulties as Predictors of Sickness Absence: Longitudinal Cohort Study on Psychological and Behavioral Links , 2002, Psychosomatic medicine.

[223]  Robert Folger,et al.  Nonreactive measurement: A focus for research on absenteeism and occupational stress. , 1985 .

[224]  Turner We.  Sickness absence in the freezing industry. , 1988 .

[225]  Jan Johansson Hanse,et al.  Job characteristics as predictors of ill-health and sickness absenteeism in different occupational types--a multigroup structural equation modelling approach , 2002 .

[226]  Daniel A. Newman,et al.  How Important are Job Attitudes? Meta-Analytic Comparisons of Integrative Behavioral Outcomes and Time Sequences , 2006 .

[227]  Michael W. Eysenck,et al.  Stress, distress and air traffic incidents: job dysfunction and distress in airline pilots in relation to contextually-assessed stress , 2000 .

[228]  Jonathon R B Halbesleben,et al.  Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. , 2006, The Journal of applied psychology.

[229]  G. Seegers,et al.  Examining a model of stress reactions of bank directors. , 1996 .

[230]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  Statistical Power Analysis and Research Results. , 1973 .

[231]  Michael P. Leiter,et al.  Burnout as a developmental process: Consideration of models. , 1993 .

[232]  G. Johns.  Absenteeism and Mental Health , 2002 .

[233]  Hossein Nouri,et al.  Effect Size for ANOVA Designs , 1999 .

[234]  J. Anderson,et al.  Organizational stress in the hospital: development of a model for diagnosis and prediction. , 1985, Health services research.

[235]  Yitzhak Fried,et al.  The joint effects of noise, job complexity, and gender on employee sickness absence: An exploratory study across 21 organizations — the CORDIS study , 2002 .

[236]  D. P. Leyden,et al.  Familiarity and Group Productivity , 1991 .

[237]  Todd D. Jick,et al.  Sex Differences in Work Stress , 1986 .

[238]  M. Woo,et al.  The relationship between stress and absenteeism. , 1999, Singapore medical journal.

[239]  S. A. Youngblood.  Work, nonwork, and withdrawal. , 1984 .

[240]  D. Galloway,et al.  Mental Health, Absences from Work, Stress and Satisfaction in a Sample of New Zealand Primary School Teachers , 1984, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[241]  W. Hendrix,et al.  A Multivariate Analysis of the Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Absence from Work , 1987, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[242]  Bernhard Wilpert,et al.  Applied psychology : an international review , 1989 .

[243]  Harris Cooper,et al.  Psychological Bulletin: Editorial. , 2003 .

[244]  Wilmar B. Schaufeli,et al.  The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: The role of inequity and social support , 1998 .

[245]  S. Deery,et al.  Understanding the "personological" basis of employee withdrawal: the influence of affective disposition on employee tardiness, early departure, and absenteeism. , 2001, Journal of Applied Psychology.

[246]  Andrew Baum,et al.  Stress:: Psychobiological Assessment , 1987 .

[247]  Carol Lee Stamm,et al.  Meta-Analysis of the Correlates of Employee Absence , 1988 .

[248]  R. M. O'Brien,et al.  Behavioral and Self-Report Measures of Staff Burnout in Developmental Disabilities , 1994 .

[249]  F. Heider.  The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .

[250]  Employee Withdrawal and Adaptation: An Expanded Framework , 1983 .

[251]  J. Harvey,et al.  Minor illness as a legitimate reason for absence , 1999 .

[252]  David A. Harrison,et al.  Time for Absenteeism: A 20-Year Review of Origins, Offshoots, and Outcomes , 1998 .

[253]  Usman Raja.  The relationship of the big five personality dimensions to personal and organizational outcomes : answering the questions who? and when? , 2004 .

[254]  M. Coffey,et al.  The relationship between support and stress in forensic community mental health nursing. , 2001, Journal of advanced nursing.

[255]  Joseph J. Martocchio,et al.  Age-related differences in employee absenteeism: a meta-analysis. , 1989, Psychology and aging.

[256]  P. Kelly,et al.  ‘Management Standards’ and work-related stress in the UK: policy background and science , 2004 .

[257]  C. Dent,et al.  Health Behavior, Quality of Work Life, and Organizational Effectiveness in the Lumber Industry , 1999, Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education.

[258]  F. Holloway,et al.  Burnout in mental health nurses: much ado about nothing? , 1999 .

[259]  E. Kelloway,et al.  The Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ): construct validation of a self-report scale of somatic symptoms. , 2005, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[260]  A. Mounstephen,et al.  A study of migraine and its effects in a working population. , 1995, Occupational medicine.

[261]  L. Radloff.  The CES-D Scale , 1977 .

[262]  J. Leigh,et al.  Sex Differences in Absenteeism , 1983 .

[263]  Susan Cartwright.  Taking the pulse of executive health in the U.K. , 2000 .

[264]  S. Jackson,et al.  The Measurement of experienced burnout , 1981 .