Combinatorial development of bulk metallic glasses.

The identification of multicomponent alloys out of a vast compositional space is a daunting task, especially for bulk metallic glasses composed of three or more elements. Despite an increasing theoretical understanding of glass formation, bulk metallic glasses are predominantly developed through a sequential and time-consuming trial-and-error approach. Even for binary systems, accurate quantum mechanical approaches are still many orders of magnitude away from being able to simulate the relatively slow kinetics of glass formation. Here, we present a high-throughput strategy where ∼3,000 alloy compositions are fabricated simultaneously and characterized for thermoplastic formability through parallel blow forming. Using this approach, we identified the composition with the highest thermoplastic formability in the glass-forming system Mg-Cu-Y. The method provides a versatile toolbox for unveiling complex correlations of material properties and glass formation, and should facilitate a drastic increase in the discovery rate of metallic glasses.

[1]  A. Inoue,et al.  A new criterion for predicting the glass-forming ability of bulk metallic glasses , 2009 .

[2]  C. Thompson,et al.  Matching Glass-Forming Ability with the Density of the Amorphous Phase , 2008, Science.

[3]  W. Johnson Bulk Glass-Forming Metallic Alloys: Science and Technology , 1999 .

[4]  J. Schroers,et al.  Three-Dimensional Shell Fabrication Using Blow Molding of Bulk Metallic Glass , 2011, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[5]  A L Greer Metallic glasses. , 1995, Science.

[6]  K. Kelton,et al.  Volume expansion measurements in metallic liquids and their relation to fragility and glass forming ability: an energy landscape interpretation. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[7]  Z. Lu,et al.  Glass formation criterion for various glass-forming systems. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[8]  J. Schroers Processing of Bulk Metallic Glass , 2010, Advanced materials.

[9]  W. Zhang,et al.  Atomic-scale heterogeneity of a multicomponent bulk metallic glass with excellent glass forming ability. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[10]  J. Schroers,et al.  Nanomoulding with amorphous metals , 2009, Nature.

[11]  T. Nieh Plasticity and structural instability in a bulk metallic glass deformed in the supercooled liquid region , 2001 .

[12]  Robert O Ritchie,et al.  A damage-tolerant glass. , 2011, Nature materials.

[13]  A M Russell,et al.  Science and technology. , 1972, Science.

[14]  H. Fecht,et al.  A cluster model for the viscous flow of glass-forming liquids , 2002 .

[15]  J. Bai,et al.  Atomic packing and short-to-medium-range order in metallic glasses , 2006, Nature.

[16]  D. Miracle,et al.  A structural model for metallic glasses , 2004, Microscopy and Microanalysis.

[17]  G. Wang,et al.  Transformation-mediated ductility in CuZr-based bulk metallic glasses. , 2010, Nature materials.

[18]  W. Liu,et al.  Thermodynamics and kinetics of the Mg 65 Cu 25 Y 10 bulk metallic glass forming liquid , 1998 .

[19]  Jan Schroers,et al.  On the formability of bulk metallic glass in its supercooled liquid state , 2008 .

[20]  M. Wuttig,et al.  Combinatorial search of thermoelastic shape-memory alloys with extremely small hysteresis width , 2006, Nature materials.

[21]  Gang Wang,et al.  Super Plastic Bulk Metallic Glasses at Room Temperature , 2007, Science.

[22]  D. Turnbull Under what conditions can a glass be formed , 1969 .

[23]  Li-Min Wang,et al.  A “universal” criterion for metallic glass formation , 2012 .

[24]  C. Angell,et al.  Nonexponential relaxations in strong and fragile glass formers , 1993 .

[25]  J. Schroers,et al.  Critical cooling rate and thermal stability of Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Be alloys , 2001 .

[26]  A. Inoue,et al.  Mg–Cu–Y Amorphous Alloys with High Mechanical Strengths Produced by a Metallic Mold Casting Method , 1991 .

[27]  Weihua Wang Roles of minor additions in formation and properties of bulk metallic glasses , 2007 .

[28]  Weihua Wang,et al.  Bulk metallic glasses , 2004 .

[29]  E. Ma,et al.  Doubling the Critical Size for Bulk Metallic Glass Formation in the Mg−Cu−Y Ternary System , 2005 .

[30]  A. Yavari,et al.  Cobalt-based bulk glassy alloy with ultrahigh strength and soft magnetic properties , 2003, Nature materials.

[31]  R. Busch The thermophysical properties of bulk metallic glass-forming liquids , 2000 .

[32]  A. Inoue Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys , 2000 .

[33]  J. Schroers,et al.  Temperature dependence of the thermoplastic formability in bulk metallic glasses , 2011 .

[34]  Y. Saotome,et al.  Superplastic nanoforming of Pd-based amorphous alloy , 2001 .

[35]  D. Kim,et al.  Correlation between volumetric change and glass-forming ability of metallic glass-forming alloys , 2008 .

[36]  Weihua Wang,et al.  Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Bulk Metallic Glass , 2007 .

[37]  D. Kim,et al.  Parameter for glass forming ability of ternary alloy systems , 2005 .

[38]  T. Egami Universal criterion for metallic glass formation , 1997 .

[39]  Jason D. Fowlkes,et al.  A combinatorial thin film sputtering approach for synthesizing and characterizing ternary ZrCuAl metallic glasses , 2007 .

[40]  J. Schroers,et al.  Solidification of Au-Cu-Si alloys investigated by a combinatorial approach , 2012 .

[41]  Dan Wang,et al.  Multiple maxima of GFA in three adjacent eutectics in Zr–Cu–Al alloy system – A metallographic way to pinpoint the best glass forming alloys , 2005 .

[42]  C. Thompson,et al.  Density change upon crystallization of amorphous Zr–Cu–Al thin films , 2010 .

[43]  P. Duwez,et al.  Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold–Silicon Alloys , 1960, Nature.