Dosimetry Techniques and Radiation Test Facilities for Total Ionizing Dose Testing

This paper will address dosimetry and monitoring techniques for total ionizing dose (TID) testing of electronics devices. We will first discuss the basic principles of dosimetry, as well as the most common dosimetric quantities and units, used for the determination of the energy deposited in a given medium by ionizing radiation. In <xref rid="sec3" ref-type="sec">Section III</xref>, we will give an overview of the available dosimetry techniques for ionizing radiation, along with the basic mechanisms exploited for their operation. In <xref rid="sec4" ref-type="sec">Section IV</xref>, we will address issues and factors affecting the dosimetry measurements, as well as we will give some practical “hints” about the selection and use of the presented techniques. Finally, a synthesis of the existing radiation test facilities, focusing on the one for TID testing, will be given in <xref rid="sec5" ref-type="sec">Section V</xref>. Their interest, limitations, and some practical aspects involving the organization of radiation test campaigns will also be discussed in this paper.

[1]  L. Pinsky,et al.  A semiconductor radiation imaging pixel detector for space radiation dosimetry. , 2015, Life sciences in space research.

[2]  W. Mclaughlin,et al.  Dosimetry systems for radiation processing , 1995 .

[3]  R. J. Barish,et al.  Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics , 2010 .

[4]  J Cygler,et al.  Evaluation of a dual bias dual metal oxide-silicon semiconductor field effect transistor detector as radiation dosimeter. , 1994, Medical physics.

[5]  K. Kerris.  The Theory and Practice of Radiation Dosimetry in the Radiation Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices and Systems , 1987 .

[6]  F. Ravotti,et al.  A New High-Intensity Proton Irradiation Facility at the CERN PS East Area , 2015 .

[7]  W. Roesch.  Cavity chamber theory. , 1960, Radiology.

[8]  Hayes,et al.  Review of Particle Physics. , 1996, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[9]  G. Spiezia,et al.  Characterization and Modeling of a Floating Gate Dosimeter with Gamma and Protons at Various Energies , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[10]  Matthias Karacson.  Evaluation of the Radiation Environment of the LHCb Experiment , 2017 .

[11]  F. Ravotti,et al.  The Beam Profile Monitoring System for the IRRAD Proton Facility at the CERN PS East Area , 2016 .

[12]  Eugeni Garcia-Moreno,et al.  Total Ionizing Dose Characterization of a Prototype Floating Gate MOSFET Dosimeter for Space Applications , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[13]  P. Bilski.  Lithium fluoride: from LiF:Mg,Ti to LiF:Mg,Cu,P. , 2002, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[14]  M.A. McMahan,et al.  Standard Practice for Dosimetry of Proton Beams for use in Radiation Effects Testing of Electronics , 2008, 2008 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop.

[15]  E. Haskell,et al.  Assessment of an alanine EPR dosimetry technique with enhanced precision and accuracy , 2000 .

[16]  Online and realtime dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence , 2004 .

[17]  Marko Andjelkovic,et al.  Using RADFET for the real-time measurement of gamma radiation dose rate , 2015 .

[18]  J Cygler,et al.  GafChromic MD-55: investigated as a precision dosimeter. , 1997, Medical physics.

[19]  Federico Ravotti,et al.  Development and characterisation of radiation monitoring sensors for the high energy physics experiments of the CERN LHC accelerator , 2006 .

[20]  J. R. Solin.  Electron collision dose enhancement , 2000 .

[21]  Robert Ecoffet,et al.  Characterization of an integrated sensor using optically stimulated luminescence for in-flight dosimetry , 2002 .

[22]  Andrew Holmes-Siedle,et al.  The space-charge dosimeter: General principles of a new method of radiation detection , 1974 .

[23]  Michael P. Grissom,et al.  Radiation protection and dosimetry: an introduction to health physics , 2010 .

[24]  Paul Marshall Stephen Buchner.  Proton Test Guideline Development – Lessons Learned , 2002 .

[25]  R. K. Bull,et al.  Stopping powers for electrons and positrons: ICRU Report 37; 271 pp.; 24 figures; U.S. $24.00. , 1986 .

[26]  M. Waligórski,et al.  The response of the alanine detector after charged-particle and neutron irradiations , 1989 .

[27]  Enhanced Read-Out System for RADFET Dosimeters Research , 2015 .

[28]  F. Adrović,et al.  Air kerma rate constants for gamma emitters used most often in practice. , 2005, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[29]  M. Silari,et al.  New radiation protection calibration facility at CERN. , 2014, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[30]  Blerina Gkotse,et al.  IRRAD: The New 24GeV/c Proton Irradiation Facility at CERN , 2015 .

[31]  V. Ferlet-Cavrois,et al.  High-Energy Electron-Induced SEUs and Jovian Environment Impact , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[32]  K. Allen.  I.A - Electrostatic Accelerators , 1974 .

[33]  I. Rosenberg,et al.  Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students , 2008, British Journal of Cancer.

[34]  G. R. Stevenson,et al.  Calibration of secondary emission monitors of absolute proton beam intensity in the CERN SPS North Area , 1997 .

[35]  C. Casteneda,et al.  Calibrated charged particle radiation system with precision dosimetric measurement and control , 1989 .

[36]  Daniel M. Fleetwood,et al.  Total-dose radiation hardness assurance , 2003 .

[37]  Arne Miller,et al.  Novel Radiochromic Films for Clinical Dosimetry , 1996 .

[38]  F. Ravotti,et al.  Irradiation Facilities at CERN , 2017, 2017 17th European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems (RADECS).

[39]  Stephen W. S. McKeever,et al.  State of art: Optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry – Frontiers of future research , 2014 .

[40]  F. Ravotti,et al.  The radiation field in the Gamma Irradiation Facility GIF++ at CERN , 2016, 1611.00299.

[41]  S. Grulja.  DOSFET-L02: AN ADVANCED ONLINE DOSIMETRY SYSTEM FOR RADFET SENSORS , 2013 .

[42]  P. Griffin,et al.  A review of the 40-year history of the NSREC'S dosimetry and facilities session (1963-2003) , 2003 .

[43]  L. Palkuti,et al.  X-Ray Wafer Probe for Total Dose Testing , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[44]  M. Glaser,et al.  The Dosimetric Performance of RADFETs in Radiation Test Beams , 2007, 2007 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop.

[45]  M. Seidel,et al.  UPGRADE OF THE PSI CYCLOTRON FACILITY TO 1.8 MW , 2007 .

[46]  Alan D. Martin,et al.  Review of Particle Physics , 2014 .

[47]  Lawrence Pinsky,et al.  Penetrating heavy ion charge and velocity discrimination with a TimePix-based Si detector (for space radiation applications) , 2011 .

[48]  M. Glaser,et al.  Radiation Monitoring in Mixed Environments at CERN: From the IRRAD6 Facility to the LHC Experiments , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[49]  A. Micke,et al.  Multichannel film dosimetry with nonuniformity correction. , 2011, Medical physics.

[50]  T. E. Burlin.  8 – CAVITY-CHAMBER THEORY , 1968 .

[51]  J. Ziegler.  The stopping and range of ions in solids vol 1 : The stopping and ranges of ions in matter , 2013 .

[52]  R. L. Pease,et al.  Dose enhancement in a room cobalt-60 source , 1997 .

[53]  G. Knoll.  Radiation Detection And Measurement, 3rd Ed , 2009 .

[54]  F. Ravotti,et al.  Single- and multi-foils 27 Al(p,3pn) 24 Na activation technique for monitoring the intensity of high-energy beams , 2017 .

[55]  M. J. Berger.  ESTAR, PSTAR, and ASTAR: Computer programs for calculating stopping-power and range tables for electrons, protons, and helium ions , 1992 .

[56]  L. Adams,et al.  RADFET: A review of the use of metal-oxide-silicon devices as integrating dosimeters , 1986 .

[57]  B. Todd,et al.  Radiation Hardness Assurance Methodology of Radiation Tolerant Power Converter Controls for Large Hadron Collider , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[58]  Lawrence Pinsky,et al.  Timepix-based radiation environment monitor measurements aboard the International Space Station , 2015 .

[59]  C.M. Castaneda.  Crocker Nuclear Laboratory (CNL) radiation effects measurement and test facility , 2001, 2001 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop. NSREC 2001. Workshop Record. Held in conjunction with IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (Cat. No.01TH8588).

[60]  J. Galvin,et al.  Radiochromic film dosimetry: recommendations of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 55. American Association of Physicists in Medicine. , 1998, Medical physics.

[61]  P. Olko,et al.  Method of thermoluminescent measurement of radiation doses from micrograys up to a megagray with a single LiF:Mg,Cu,P detector. , 2011, Radiation Protection Dosimetry.

[62]  David K. Brice,et al.  Stopping powers for electrons and positrons (ICRU report 37; International commission on radiation units and measurements, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 1984) , 1985 .

[63]  V. Ivanchenko,et al.  Experimental Dose Enhancement in Multi-Layer Shielding Structures Exposed to High-Energy Electron Environments , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[64]  A. H. Sullivan,et al.  A Guide to radiation and radioactivity levels near high energy particle accelerators , 1992 .

[65]  P. Nieminen,et al.  Proton Irradiation Facility and space radiation monitoring at the Paul Scherrer Institute. , 2001, Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics.

[66]  G. Paic,et al.  Comparison of high-dose dosimetry systems for radiation damage studies in collider detectors and accelerators , 1993 .

[67]  P. S. Winokur,et al.  Basic mechanisms of radiation effects on electronic materials and devices , 1989 .