A Practical Approach for Generating the Strut-and-Tie Models of Anchorage Zones

AbstractThis paper presents a practical method for automatically generating optimal strut-and-tie models (STMs) in anchorage zones. In the proposed approach, a new microtruss element pattern is created to build ground structures. In certain conditions, the approach could also be improved by combining the microtruss grids with solid elements. Furthermore, the formula for the cross-sectional areas of bar elements in the microtruss grid is deduced for the purpose of replacing the continuum structures built by solid elements with discrete structures built by truss elements. Then, three examples are illustrated to demonstrate the capability of the proposed optimization procedure to find the optimal STMs of anchorage zones. The existing solutions and numerical experiments indicate that the proposed approach accurately reflects the actual load-transfer mechanism in anchorage zones. The method can be used in practice, especially in the design of some disturbed regions (D-regions) in which optimal STMs cannot be o...

[1]  James K. Guest,et al.  Reinforced Concrete Force Visualization and Design Using Bilinear Truss-Continuum Topology Optimization , 2013 .

[2]  J Schlaich,et al.  TOWARD A CONSISTENT DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE , 1987 .

[3]  Yi Min Xie,et al.  Generating optimal strut-and-tie models in prestressed concrete beams by performance-based optimization , 2001 .

[4]  M. Bendsøe,et al.  Optimization methods for truss geometry and topology design , 1994 .

[5]  Hernán Santa María,et al.  Experimental evaluation of optimized strut‐and‐tie models for a dapped beam , 2016 .

[6]  Hernán Santa María,et al.  Optimal strut-and-tie models using full homogenization optimization method , 2012 .

[7]  Peter Marti,et al.  BASIC TOOLS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN , 1985 .

[8]  Hamed Salem.  The Micro Truss Model: An Innovative Rational Design Approach for Reinforced Concrete , 2004 .

[9]  Domenico Raffaele,et al.  Designing Simply Supported R.C. Bridge Decks Subjected to In-Plane Actions: Strut-and-Tie Model Approach , 2012 .

[10]  Olivier Burdet,et al.  ANCHORAGE ZONE REINFORCEMENT FOR POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE GIRDERS , 1994 .

[11]  Zafer Gürdal,et al.  Topology Design of Geometrically Nonlinear 2D Elastic Continua Using CA and an Equivalent Truss Model , 2006 .

[12]  Olivier Burdet.  Analysis and Design of Anchorage Zones in Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridges , 1990 .

[13]  Jeung-Hwan Doh,et al.  Development of Strut-And-Tie Models in Deep Beams with Web Openings , 2007 .

[14]  Matteo Bruggi,et al.  A numerical method to generate optimal load paths in plain and reinforced concrete structures , 2016 .

[15]  Prabhat Kumar.  Optimal force transmission in reinforced concrete deep beams , 1978 .

[16]  Yi Min Xie,et al.  Topology Optimization of Strut-and-Tie Models in Reinforced Concrete Structures Using an Evolutionary Procedure , 2000 .

[17]  Wolfgang Achtziger,et al.  Global optimization of truss topology with discrete bar areas—Part II: Implementation and numerical results , 2009, Comput. Optim. Appl..

[18]  Valério S. Almeida,et al.  Comparative analysis of strut-and-tie models using Smooth Evolutionary Structural Optimization , 2013 .

[19]  Y. Xie,et al.  A simple evolutionary procedure for structural optimization , 1993 .

[20]  Fabrizio Palmisano,et al.  Shape optimization of strut-and-tie models in masonry buildings subjected to landslide-induced settlements , 2015 .

[21]  Matteo Bruggi,et al.  Generating strut-and-tie patterns for reinforced concrete structures using topology optimization , 2009 .

[22]  M. Stolpe,et al.  Truss topology optimization with discrete design variables—Guaranteed global optimality and benchmark examples , 2007 .

[23]  Makoto Ohsaki,et al.  Topology optimization of trusses by growing ground structure method , 2009 .

[24]  Richard N. White,et al.  Automatic Generation of Truss Model for Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures , 1998 .

[25]  Yi Min Xie,et al.  Optimal topology selection of continuum structures with displacement constraints , 2000 .