Futuristic Clothes: Electronic Textiles and Wearable Technologies

Abstract This review summarizes the recent developments and importance of wearable electronic textiles in the past decade. Wearable electronic textiles are an emerging interdisciplinary research area that requires new design approaches. This challenging interdisciplinary research field brings together specialists in electronics, information technology, microsystems, and textiles to make an innovation in the development of wearable electronic products. Wearable electronic textiles play a key role among various technologies (clothing, communication, information, healthcare monitoring, military, sensors, magnetic shielding, etc.). In this review, applications of wearable electronic textiles are described, including an investigation of their fabrication techniques. This review highlights the basic processes, possible applications, and main materials to build wearable E‐textiles and combines the fundamentals of E‐textiles for the readers who have different backgrounds. Moreover, reliability, reusability, and efficiency of wearable electronic textiles are discussed together with the opportunities and drawbacks of the wearable E‐textiles that are addressed in this review article.

[1]  K. R. Atkinson,et al.  Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology , 2004, Science.

[2]  Leena Ukkonen,et al.  Analysis of electrically conductive silver ink on stretchable substrates under tensile load , 2010, Microelectronics Reliability.

[3]  Qiang Wang,et al.  Conductive Cotton Prepared by Polyaniline In Situ Polymerization Using Laccase , 2014, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.

[4]  K. D. Clerck,et al.  Electroconductive textile structures through electroless deposition of polypyrrole and copper at polyaramide surfaces , 2006 .

[5]  A. Monkman,et al.  Advances in processing routes for conductive polyaniline fibres , 1999 .

[6]  David Coulon,et al.  Ambulatory Evaluation of ECG Signals Obtained Using Washable Textile-Based Electrodes Made with Chemically Modified PEDOT:PSS , 2019, Sensors.

[7]  Zihao Wang,et al.  Engineering Graphene Flakes for Wearable Textile Sensors via Highly Scalable and Ultrafast Yarn Dyeing Technique , 2019, ACS nano.

[8]  M. Desmulliez,et al.  Inkjet printing of conductive materials: a review , 2012 .

[9]  Zhongwei Jiang,et al.  A novel wearable sensor device with conductive fabric and PVDF film for monitoring cardiorespiratory signals , 2006 .

[10]  Hiroshi Inoue,et al.  Preparation and characterization of conductive fabrics coated uniformly with polypyrrole nanoparticles , 2011 .

[11]  Chern-Sheng Lin,et al.  Wearable device for real-time monitoring of human falls , 2007 .

[12]  E. Schollmeyer,et al.  Electrically high-conductive textiles , 2009 .

[13]  John F. Muth,et al.  Woven Fabric-Based Electrical Circuits , 2004 .

[14]  Balasubramaniam Saravanakumar,et al.  Piezoelectric-driven self-charging supercapacitor power cell. , 2015, ACS nano.

[15]  Menghe Miao,et al.  Core-spun carbon nanotube yarn supercapacitors for wearable electronic textiles. , 2014, ACS nano.

[16]  H. Chen,et al.  Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Copper/Stainless Steel/Polyamide Fiber Co-Woven-Knitted Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites , 2008 .

[17]  Neil Gershenfeld,et al.  E-broidery: Design and fabrication of textile-based computing , 2000, IBM Syst. J..

[18]  R.B. Katragadda,et al.  A novel intelligent textile technology based on silicon flexible skins , 2008, Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC'05).

[19]  S. Beeby,et al.  Inkjet-Printed Microstrip Patch Antennas Realized on Textile for Wearable Applications , 2014, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[20]  M. Raheel Modern Textile Characterization Methods , 2017 .

[21]  Cédric Cochrane,et al.  Design and Development of a Flexible Strain Sensor for Textile Structures Based on a Conductive Polymer Composite , 2007, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland).

[22]  William G. Whittow,et al.  Embroidered Wire Dipole Antennas Using Novel Copper Yarns , 2015, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[23]  Anki Reddy Mule,et al.  Wearable Single-Electrode-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator via Conductive Polymer-Coated Textiles for Self-Power Electronics , 2019, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

[24]  M. Tudor,et al.  Integrating Flexible Filament Circuits for E‐Textile Applications , 2019, Advanced Materials Technologies.

[25]  W. Lövenich,et al.  PEDOT: Principles and Applications of an Intrinsically Conductive Polymer , 2010 .

[26]  M. A. Kulandainathan,et al.  Polypyrrole microstructure deposited by chemical and electrochemical methods on cotton fabrics , 2009 .

[27]  G. Tröster,et al.  Enabling Technologies for Electrical Circuits on a Woven Monofilament Hybrid Fabric , 2008 .

[28]  Hendrik Rogier,et al.  The Use of Textile Materials to Design Wearable Microstrip Patch Antennas , 2008 .

[29]  A. Sarac,et al.  Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study , 2017, Beilstein journal of nanotechnology.

[30]  Xin Cai,et al.  Flexible planar/fiber-architectured supercapacitors for wearable energy storage , 2014 .

[31]  Zamora,et al.  Electronic textiles: a platform for pervasive computing , 2003, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[32]  Eunkyoung Kim,et al.  Flexible PEDOT electrodes with large thermoelectric power factors to generate electricity by the touch of fingertips , 2013 .

[33]  H. Mattila Intelligent textiles and clothing , 2006 .

[34]  Yuhao Liu,et al.  Lab-on-Skin: A Review of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Wearable Health Monitoring. , 2017, ACS nano.

[35]  Andreas Nocke,et al.  Characteristics of carbon fiber based strain sensors for structural-health monitoring of textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites depending on the textile technological integration process , 2013 .

[36]  Jun Zhou,et al.  Fiber-based generator for wearable electronics and mobile medication. , 2014, ACS nano.

[37]  A. Sezai Sarac,et al.  Nanofibers of Conjugated Polymers , 2016 .

[38]  Xuyuan Tao,et al.  Market readiness of smart textile structures - reliability and washability , 2018 .

[39]  Rita Paradiso,et al.  A wearable health care system based on knitted integrated sensors , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[40]  Daniel Gamota,et al.  Printed Organic and Molecular Electronics , 2004 .

[41]  W. Shi,et al.  Mechanisms of ultrasonic joining of textile materials , 2000 .

[42]  David Coulon,et al.  Washable and Reliable Textile Electrodes Embedded into Underwear Fabric for Electrocardiography (ECG) Monitoring , 2018, Materials.

[43]  Vladan Koncar,et al.  Introduction to smart textiles and their applications , 2016 .

[44]  C. Kim,et al.  Electrochemical properties of carbon nanofiber web as an electrode for supercapacitor prepared by electrospinning , 2003 .

[45]  Ryan B. Wicker,et al.  Conductive polymer-coated threads as electrical interconnects in e-textiles , 2011 .

[46]  H. Mattila 1 – Intelligent textiles and clothing – a part of our intelligent ambience , 2006 .

[47]  Raffaella Di Sante,et al.  Fibre Optic Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Aircraft Composite Structures: Recent Advances and Applications , 2015, Sensors.

[48]  X. Tao,et al.  Launderability of Conductive Polymer Yarns Used for Connections of E-textile Modules: Mechanical Stresses , 2019, Fibers and Polymers.

[49]  Sungmee Park,et al.  Enhancing the quality of life through wearable technology , 2003, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.

[50]  V. Koncar,et al.  Seam Strength and Washability of Silver Coated Polyamide Yarns , 2018, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

[51]  Howie N. Chu,et al.  Highly Stretchable Alkaline Batteries Based on an Embedded Conductive Fabric , 2012, Advanced materials.

[52]  M. Ates,et al.  Electrospun carbon nanofiber web electrode: Supercapacitor behavior in various electrolytes , 2018 .

[53]  J. Edmison,et al.  Using piezoelectric materials for wearable electronic textiles , 2002, Proceedings. Sixth International Symposium on Wearable Computers,.

[54]  Eduardo García-Breijo,et al.  Integration of a 2D Touch Sensor with an Electroluminescent Display by Using a Screen-Printing Technology on Textile Substrate , 2018, Sensors.

[55]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  A toolkit of thread-based microfluidics, sensors, and electronics for 3D tissue embedding for medical diagnostics , 2016, Microsystems & Nanoengineering.

[56]  Yi Li,et al.  Recent advances of conductive adhesives as a lead-free alternative in electronic packaging: Materials, processing, reliability and applications , 2006 .

[57]  Antonio Facchetti,et al.  Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E‐Skin and E‐Textile Devices , 2019, Advanced materials.

[58]  Tae Jin Kang,et al.  Preparation and Properties of Electrically Conducting Textiles by In Situ Polymerization of Poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) , 2005 .

[59]  J. Kysar,et al.  Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene , 2008, Science.

[60]  Prasad Potluri,et al.  Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Textile Heating Fabric Based on Silver Coated Polymeric Yarn , 2013, Materials.

[61]  Jianxin He,et al.  Core-sheath nanofiber yarn for textile pressure sensor with high pressure sensitivity and spatial tactile acuity. , 2019, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[62]  Genevieve Dion,et al.  Textile energy storage in perspective , 2014 .

[63]  Dan Oh,et al.  Accurate Characterization of Broadband Multiconductor Transmission Lines for High-Speed Digital Systems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging.

[64]  Seok‐In Na,et al.  Stretchable and electrically conductive polyurethane- silver/graphene composite fibers prepared by wet-spinning process , 2019, Composites Part B: Engineering.

[65]  M. Kaltenbrunner,et al.  An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics , 2013, Nature.

[66]  Toshihiro Itoh,et al.  Characterization of a SWNT-reinforced conductive polymer and patterning technique for applications of electronic textile , 2011 .

[67]  Tong Lin,et al.  Conductive coatings for textiles , 2010 .

[68]  X. Tao,et al.  Fiber‐Based Wearable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Fabrication, Devices, and Applications , 2014, Advanced materials.

[69]  Robert Puers,et al.  Towards the integration of textile sensors in a wireless monitoring suit , 2004 .

[70]  Veit Senner,et al.  High - tech - textiles in competition sports , 2010 .

[71]  K. Oh,et al.  Electrically conductive textiles by in situ polymerization of aniline , 1999 .

[72]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Stretchable, elastic materials and devices for solar energy conversion , 2011 .

[73]  Danilo De Rossi,et al.  Electroactive polymer-based devices for e-textiles in biomedicine , 2005, IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed..

[74]  W. Shimizu,et al.  Validation of wearable textile electrodes for ECG monitoring , 2019, Heart and Vessels.

[75]  Yahya Rahmat-Samii,et al.  Textile antennas: effects of antenna bending on input matching and impedance bandwidth , 2007 .

[76]  A. Bedeloglu,et al.  Manufacturing and Properties of Yarns Containing Metal Wires , 2011 .

[77]  Bernhard Bischoff,et al.  12 – Embroidery and smart textiles , 2001 .

[78]  Genevieve Dion,et al.  Carbon coated textiles for flexible energy storage , 2011 .

[79]  Asha Chaubey,et al.  Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[80]  Simona Jevšnik,et al.  The use of hot air welding technologies for manufacturing e-textile trasmission lines , 2015, Fibers and Polymers.

[81]  R. Forchheimer,et al.  Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. , 2007, Nature materials.

[82]  A. Varesano,et al.  Vapour phase polymerisation of pyrrole on cellulose-based textile substrates , 2006 .

[83]  Lijing Wang,et al.  Polymerising pyrrole on polyester textiles and controlling the conductivity through coating thickness , 2005 .

[84]  Ping Wang,et al.  Wet-spinning assembly of continuous, neat, and macroscopic graphene fibers , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[85]  C. Lekakou,et al.  Thermoelectric polymer composite yarns and an energy harvesting wearable textile , 2019, Smart Materials and Structures.

[86]  Fatma Kalaoglu,et al.  A study on the beam pattern of ultrasonic sensor integrated to textile structure , 2011 .

[87]  A. Taylor Digital embroidery techniques for smart clothing , 2009 .

[88]  L. V. Pieterson,et al.  Smart textiles: Challenges and opportunities , 2012 .

[89]  Tomohiro Kuroda,et al.  Woven Electronic Textiles , 2014 .

[90]  Yi Qi,et al.  Nanotechnology-enabled flexible and biocompatible energy harvesting , 2010 .

[91]  S. Jee,et al.  High durability conductive textile using MWCNT for motion sensing , 2018 .

[92]  Andreas Lymberis,et al.  Advanced Wearable Sensors and Systems Enabling Personal Applications , 2010 .

[93]  Ian Gibson,et al.  Design and Fabrication of a Capacitance Based Wearable Pressure Sensor Using E-textiles , 2015 .

[94]  Sung Kyu Park,et al.  Recent Progress of Textile-Based Wearable Electronics: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Devices, and Applications. , 2018, Small.

[95]  David J. Tyler,et al.  Joining of wearable electronic components , 2013 .

[96]  Paul Lukowicz,et al.  Expressure: Detect Expressions Related to Emotional and Cognitive Activities Using Forehead Textile Pressure Mechanomyography , 2020, Sensors.

[97]  G. Loriga,et al.  Flat Knitted Sensors for Respiration Monitoring , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[98]  Carla Hertleer,et al.  Smart clothing: a new life , 2004 .

[99]  Lorenzo Capineri,et al.  Resistive Sensors with Smart Textiles for Wearable Technology: From Fabrication Processes to Integration with Electronics☆ , 2014 .

[100]  Wan-Joong Kim,et al.  A Novel Method for Applying Reduced Graphene Oxide Directly to Electronic Textiles from Yarns to Fabrics , 2013, Advanced materials.

[101]  K. Sen,et al.  Characterization of electro-conductive fabrics prepared by in situ chemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole onto polyester fabric , 2014 .

[102]  G. Troster,et al.  Design and Characterization of Purely Textile Patch Antennas , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging.

[103]  Paula Gould,et al.  Textiles gain intelligence , 2003 .

[104]  I. Gibson,et al.  Fabrication of Force Sensor Circuits on Wearable Conductive Textiles , 2015 .

[105]  A. Sarac,et al.  Facile synthesis of poly[1-p (tolylsulfonyl) pyrrole] via Ce (IV)- pyrrole redox initiating system and polyacrylonitrile blended nanofibers , 2018, Polymers for Advanced Technologies.

[106]  Patrice Mégret,et al.  Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors toward Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Materials: Challenges and Solutions , 2014, Sensors.

[107]  V. Koncar,et al.  16 – Electrical, morphological and electromechanical properties of conductive polymer fibres (yarns) , 2006 .

[108]  T. F. Kennedy,et al.  Body-Worn E-Textile Antennas: The Good, the Low-Mass, and the Conformal , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[109]  Magnus Willander,et al.  Review—Textile Based Chemical and Physical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring , 2020 .

[110]  S. Jevšnik,et al.  Optimization of hot air welding process parameters for manufacturing textile transmission lines for e-textiles applications: Part I: Electro-conductive properties , 2017 .

[111]  Andrea Achilli,et al.  Design and Characterization of Screen-Printed Textile Electrodes for ECG Monitoring , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[112]  T. Itoh,et al.  Fabric pressure sensor array fabricated with die-coating and weaving techniques , 2012 .

[113]  G. Troster,et al.  Electrical characterization of textile transmission lines , 2003 .

[114]  R. Ciobanu,et al.  Polymerization of pyrrole derivatives on polyacrylonitrile matrix, FTIR–ATR and dielectric spectroscopic characterization of composite thin films , 2010 .

[115]  Jiangtian Li,et al.  Nanostructured carbon-metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: a review. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[116]  D. Rossi,et al.  Dressware: wearable hardware , 1999 .

[117]  Sungmee Park,et al.  Smart Textiles: Wearable Electronic Systems , 2003 .

[118]  Thomas Gries,et al.  Smart Protective Clothing for Law Enforcement Personnel , 2015 .

[119]  D. Lewis,et al.  Ink-jet fabrication of electronic components , 2007 .

[120]  Lan Jiang,et al.  Facile Fabrication of Light, Flexible and Multifunctional Graphene Fibers , 2012, Advanced materials.

[121]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Scalable Production of Graphene-Based Wearable E-Textiles , 2017, ACS nano.

[122]  Li Yang,et al.  Conductive Inkjet-Printed Antennas on Flexible Low-Cost Paper-Based Substrates for RFID and WSN Applications , 2009, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[123]  Carlo Menon,et al.  Wearable Device to Monitor Back Movements Using an Inductive Textile Sensor , 2020, Sensors.

[124]  Seokheun Choi,et al.  Paper-based batteries: a review. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[125]  M. Camara,et al.  Capacitive Strain Sensors Inkjet-printed on PET Fibers for Integration in Industrial Textile , 2015 .

[126]  H. Sirringhaus,et al.  High-Resolution Ink-Jet Printing of All-Polymer Transistor Circuits , 2000, Science.

[127]  D. Rossi,et al.  Electronic textiles: a logical step. , 2007, Nature materials.

[128]  Mark Billinghurst,et al.  Wearable Devices: New Ways to Manage Information , 1999, Computer.

[129]  Smita C. Deogaonkar,et al.  A novel method of in situ chemical polymerization of polyaniline for synthesis of electrically conductive cotton fabrics , 2012 .

[130]  A. Harlin,et al.  13 – Introduction to conductive materials , 2006 .

[131]  Andreas Neudeck,et al.  Textile-Based Electronic Substrate Technology , 2004 .

[132]  Po-Chiang Chen,et al.  Inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube/RuO2 nanowire supercapacitors on cloth fabrics and flexible substrates , 2010 .

[133]  C Vigneswaran,et al.  Electronics in Textiles and Clothing: Design, Products and Applications , 2015 .

[134]  Simeon Gill,et al.  Recent advances in garment manufacturing technology: Joining techniques, 3D body scanning and garment design , 2012 .

[135]  Vladan Koncar,et al.  Smart textiles for monitoring and measurement applications , 2019, Smart Textiles for In Situ Monitoring of Composites.

[136]  R. R. Bonaldi Electronics used in high-performance apparel—Part 1/2 , 2018 .

[137]  Hui Wu,et al.  Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Fabrics with Metallized Polyester Filaments , 2007 .

[138]  Koji Kondo,et al.  The Respondent Properties of the Textile Pressure Sensors , 2010 .

[139]  Yuehui Ouyang,et al.  Effect of fabric patterns on electrotextile patch antennas , 2005, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[140]  Senem Kursun Bahadir,et al.  Selection of appropriate e-textile structure manufacturing process prior to sensor integration using AHP , 2015 .

[141]  P. I. Dolez,et al.  Advanced Characterization and Testing of Textiles , 2017 .

[142]  Kyung Cheol Choi,et al.  Weavable and Highly Efficient Organic Light-Emitting Fibers for Wearable Electronics: A Scalable, Low-Temperature Process. , 2018, Nano letters.

[143]  Jung-Yong Lee,et al.  Wearable textile battery rechargeable by solar energy. , 2013, Nano letters.

[144]  Enzo Pasquale Scilingo,et al.  A wearable system for the evaluation of the human-horse interaction: A preliminary study , 2016 .

[145]  Shyamal Patel,et al.  A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation , 2012, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

[146]  John F. Muth,et al.  Woven Fabric-Based Electrical Circuits , 2004 .

[147]  Lei Wang,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Nickel-Coated Carbon Fibers by Electroplating , 2012, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.

[148]  T. Ghosh,et al.  Flexible Interconnects for Electronic Textiles , 2018 .

[149]  S. Kurşun Bahadır,et al.  Modeling of surface temperature distributions on powered e-textile structures using an artificial neural network , 2019 .

[150]  Annalisa Bonfiglio,et al.  Fully Textile, PEDOT:PSS Based Electrodes for Wearable ECG Monitoring Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[151]  T. Yamashita,et al.  Conductive polymer coated elastomer contact structure for woven electronic textile , 2012, 2012 IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

[152]  X. Tao,et al.  Effect of Water and Chemical Stresses on the Silver Coated Polyamide Yarns , 2019, Fibers and Polymers.

[153]  Rita Paradiso,et al.  Knitted Electronic Textiles , 2014 .

[154]  V. Koncar,et al.  Processing and characterization of conductive yarns by coating or bulk treatment for smart textile applications , 2007 .

[155]  Husam N. Alshareef,et al.  Symmetrical MnO2-carbon nanotube-textile nanostructures for wearable pseudocapacitors with high mass loading. , 2011, ACS nano.

[156]  Ali Javey,et al.  Wearable sweat sensors , 2018 .

[157]  Vladan Koncar,et al.  Electrical and morphological properties of PP and PET conductive polymer fibers , 2004 .

[158]  I. Jones The use of heat sealing, hot air and hot wedge to join textile materials , 2013 .

[159]  D. T. Seshadri,et al.  Development of conductive cotton fabrics for heating devices , 2006 .

[160]  L. Qu,et al.  All‐Graphene Core‐Sheath Microfibers for All‐Solid‐State, Stretchable Fibriform Supercapacitors and Wearable Electronic Textiles , 2013, Advanced materials.

[161]  Alessandro Chiolerio,et al.  Wearable Electronics and Smart Textiles: A Critical Review , 2014, Sensors.

[162]  P. J. Soh,et al.  A review of wearable antenna , 2009, 2009 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference.

[163]  Y. Ying,et al.  One-Step and Spontaneous In-Situ Growth of Popcorn-like Nanostructures on Stretchable Double-Twisted Fiber for Ultra-Sensitive Textile Pressure Sensor. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[164]  Annalisa Bonfiglio,et al.  Organic field effect transistors for textile applications , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[165]  P. M. Biesheuvel,et al.  Carbon nanotube yarns as strong flexible conductive capacitive electrodes , 2014 .

[166]  A. Sarac,et al.  Carbon Nanomaterials , 2019, Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials.

[167]  Caglar Ataman,et al.  Woven Temperature and Humidity Sensors on Flexible Plastic Substrates for E-Textile Applications , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[168]  M. A. Kulandainathan,et al.  Functionalisation of fabrics with conducting polymer for tuning capacitance and fabrication of supercapacitor. , 2013 .

[169]  D. Pani,et al.  Validation of Polymer-Based Screen-Printed Textile Electrodes for Surface EMG Detection , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[170]  K. Novoselov,et al.  All inkjet-printed graphene-based conductive patterns for wearable e-textile applications , 2017 .

[171]  K. Lian,et al.  Knitted and screen printed carbon-fiber supercapacitors for applications in wearable electronics , 2013 .

[172]  C. Cherif,et al.  Application of carbon filament (CF) for structural health monitoring of textile reinforced thermoplastic composites , 2011 .

[173]  Xiaoming Tao,et al.  1 – Smart technology for textiles and clothing – introduction and overview , 2001 .

[174]  Jia‐Horng Lin,et al.  Conductive fabrics made of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube coated polyester yarns: Mechanical properties and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness , 2017 .

[175]  Steve Beeby,et al.  Inkjet printed dipole antennas on textiles for wearable communications , 2013 .

[176]  A. P. Thompson,et al.  25 – Applications for woven electrical fabrics , 2006 .

[177]  P. Wilson,et al.  Development of electronic textiles to support networks, communications, and medical applications in future U.S. Military protective clothing systems , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[178]  Seok‐In Na,et al.  Conductive PEDOT:PSS-coated poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide thread for highly durable electronic textiles , 2017 .

[179]  Fatma Kalaoglu,et al.  Wearable obstacle detection system fully integrated to textile structures for visually impaired people , 2012 .

[180]  A. J. Uddin Novel technical textile yarns , 2010 .

[181]  Claudio Tonin,et al.  A study on the electrical conductivity decay of polypyrrole coated wool textiles , 2005 .

[182]  C. Zhi,et al.  From industrially weavable and knittable highly conductive yarns to large wearable energy storage textiles. , 2015, ACS nano.

[183]  Julian R. Eichhoff,et al.  Electronic textile resistor design and fabric resistivity characterization , 2011 .