Path unaware layered routing protocol (PULRP) with non-uniform node distribution for underwater sensor networks

We propose path unaware layered routing protocol (PULRP) for 2D underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) with mobile nodes. The steady-state distribution of mobile nodes in UWSNs is nonuniform in general. Hence, we use a mobility model-dependent node distribution. The proposed PULRP algorithm consists of two phases. In the first phase (layering phase), a layering structure is presented which is a set of concentric circles, around a sink node. The radii of the concentric circles are chosen based on equal distribution of nodes in every layer. A distributed power control mechanism is also introduced. The power level of nodes in a particular layer is chosen such that communication occurs only with nodes in the next layer. In PULRP, we consider multihop communication from source to sink. Therefore, in the second phase (communication phase), we propose a method to choose the intermediate relay nodes and an on the fly routing algorithm for packet delivery from source node to sink node across the chosen relay nodes. The proposed algorithm, PULRP finds the routing path on the fly and hence, it does not require any fixed routing table, localization, or time synchronization processes. We demonstrate the performance of PULRP using random waypoint (RWP) mobility model in a simulated underwater environment. Our findings show that the proposed algorithm has considerably better throughput (successful packet delivery rate) compared to the underwater diffusion (UWD) algorithm for various node densities as well as node velocities. In addition, the delay performance of PULRP is also better than that of UWD. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A preliminary version of this work has been accepted for publication at the IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC-2008, Beijing [1].

[1]  Brian Neil Levine,et al.  A survey of practical issues in underwater networks , 2006, MOCO.

[2]  Leonardo Badia,et al.  An optimization framework for joint sensor deployment, link scheduling and routing in underwater sensor networks , 2006, Underwater Networks.

[3]  Jiejun Kong,et al.  Time-critical underwater sensor diffusion with no proactive exchanges and negligible reactive floods , 2007, Ad Hoc Networks.

[4]  P.J. Carroll,et al.  Assessment of an Active Electromagnetic Sensor for Hunting Buried Naval Mines, Part II , 2006, OCEANS 2006.

[5]  Geoffrey G. Xie,et al.  A network layer protocol for UANs to address propagation delay induced performance limitations , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[6]  Xinsheng Yu,et al.  Long term seafloor observatory for deep sea research , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Underwater Technology (IEEE Cat. No.04EX869).

[7]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Deployment analysis in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks , 2006, Underwater Networks.

[8]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[9]  Xiaoyan Hong,et al.  A secure ad-hoc routing approach using localized self-healing communities , 2005, MobiHoc '05.

[10]  Jiejun Kong,et al.  The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications , 2006, IEEE Network.

[11]  Guevara Noubir,et al.  Mobility models for ad hoc network simulation , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[12]  M. Stojanovic,et al.  Underwater acoustic networks , 2000, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[13]  T. McGee,et al.  A remote station to monitor sea floor stability and gas hydrate outcrops in the Gulf of Mexico , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 International Symposium on Underwater Technology (Cat. No.00EX418).

[14]  Jorma T. Virtamo,et al.  Random waypoint model in n-dimensional space , 2005, Oper. Res. Lett..

[15]  Peng Xie,et al.  VBF: Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks , 2006, Networking.

[16]  Uday B. Desai,et al.  PULRP: Path Unaware Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[17]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Routing algorithms for delay-insensitive and delay-sensitive applications in underwater sensor networks , 2006, MobiCom '06.

[18]  John S. Heidemann,et al.  Low-power acoustic modem for dense underwater sensor networks , 2006, WUWNet '06.