The life cycle of Chloromyxum auratum (Myxozoa) from goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), involves an antonactinomyxon actinospore.

The myxozoan parasite Chloromyxum auratumHallett, Atkinson, Holt, Banner & Bartholomew, 2006, was shown experimentally to have a two-host life cycle which involved a previously undescribed antonactinomyxon actinospore stage. Myxospores obtained from gall bladders of naturally infected feral goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), were used to infect samples of mixed species of oligochaete worms obtained from the same locality as the fish: Fern Ridge Dam, Oregon, USA. After some 110 days post-exposure, actinospores were detected from the water above the oligochaetes. The 18S rDNA sequence of these actinospores was identical to the original myxospores. Spore release was sporadic, of low intensity and short duration, which confounded efforts to identify the host oligochaete species and infect naïve fish. This is the first life cycle that incorporates an actinospore of the collective group Antonactinomyxon, and the first life cycle demonstrated in the laboratory for a species of Chloromyxum.

[1]  J. Bartholomew,et al.  INVOLVEMENT OF MANAYUNKIA SPECIOSA (ANNELIDA: POLYCHAETA: SABELLIDAE) IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF PARVICAPSULA MINIBICORNIS, A MYXOZOAN PARASITE OF PACIFIC SALMON , 2006, The Journal of parasitology.

[2]  C. Erséus,et al.  Myxozoan parasites disseminated via oligochaete worms as live food for aquarium fishes: descriptions of aurantiactinomyxon and raabeia actinospore types. , 2006, Diseases of aquatic organisms.

[3]  J. Bartholomew,et al.  A NEW MYXOZOAN FROM FERAL GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS) , 2006, The Journal of parasitology.

[4]  J. Lom,et al.  Myxozoan genera: definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species. , 2006, Folia parasitologica.

[5]  M. Georgiadis,et al.  The effect of cohabitation of Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) populations on infections to Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae). , 2006, Journal of invertebrate pathology.

[6]  A. Holzer,et al.  Molecular identity, phylogeny and life cycle of Chloromyxum schurovi Shul’man & Ieshko 2003 , 2006, Parasitology Research.

[7]  E. Eszterbauer,et al.  Hungactinomyxon, a new actinosporean type and collective group(Myxozoa) from Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard (Oligochaeta) , 2005, Systematic Parasitology.

[8]  C. Erséus,et al.  The life cycle of Henneguya nuesslini Schuberg & Schroder, 1905 (Myxozoa) involves a triactinomyxon-type actinospore. , 2005, Journal of fish diseases.

[9]  A. Holzer,et al.  Molecular relationships and phylogeny in a community of myxosporeans and actinosporeans based on their 18S rDNA sequences. , 2004, International journal for parasitology.

[10]  C. Székely,et al.  Intraoligochaete development of Myxobolus intimus (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae), a gill myxosporean of the roach (Rutilus rutilus). , 2004, Folia parasitologica.

[11]  M. Kent,et al.  Ellipsomyxa gobii (Myxozoa: Ceratomyxidae) in the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei: Gobiidae) uses Nereis spp. (Annelida: Polychaeta) as invertebrate hosts. , 2004, Folia parasitologica.

[12]  K. Suresh,et al.  Elucidation of the life cycle of the intestinal protozoanBlastocystis hominis , 2004, Parasitology Research.

[13]  H. Yokoyama.  A Review : Gaps in Our Knowledge on Myxozoan Parasites of Fishes , 2003 .

[14]  K. Ogawa,et al.  Description of two new actinosporean types from a brook of Fuji Mountain, Honshu, and from Chitose River, Hokkaido, Japan. , 2003, Diseases of aquatic organisms.

[15]  A. Shinn,et al.  Survey of actinosporean types (Myxozoa) belonging to seven collective groups found in a freshwater salmon farm in Northern Scotland. , 2002, Folia parasitologica.

[16]  J. Khattra,et al.  Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa , 2001, The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.

[17]  L. Hanson,et al.  Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Sequences Link the Cause of Proliferative Gill Disease in Channel Catfish to Henneguya n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) , 2000 .

[18]  L. Hanson,et al.  Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Sequence of Henneguya exilis (Class Myxosporea) Identifies the Actinosporean Stage from an Oligochaete Host , 1999, The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.

[19]  T. A. Hall,et al.  BIOEDIT: A USER-FRIENDLY BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT EDITOR AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM FOR WINDOWS 95/98/ NT , 1999 .

[20]  E. Canning,et al.  First identification of PKX in bryozoans from the United Kingdom - molecular evidence. , 1999 .

[21]  K. Molnár,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF MYXOBOLUS DISPAR (MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE) IN AN OLIGOCHAETE ALTERNATE HOST, TUBIFEX TUBIFEX , 1999 .

[22]  S. Desser,et al.  Actinosporean stages of myxozoan parasites of oligochaetes from Lake Sasajewun, Algonquin Park, Ontario: new forms of echinactinomyxon, neoactinomyxum, aurantiactinomyxon, guyenotia, synactinomyxon and antonactinomyxon. , 1998, The Journal of parasitology.

[23]  D. G. Stevens,et al.  The life cycle of Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonids, requires a freshwater polychaete as an alternate host. , 1997, The Journal of parasitology.

[24]  K. Andree,et al.  Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Sequences Unite Alternate Actinosporean and Myxosporean Stages of Myxobolus cerebralis the Causative Agent of Whirling Disease in Salmonid Fish , 1997, The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.

[25]  A. V. Uspenskaya.  Alternation of Actinosporean and Myxosporean Phases in the Life Cycle of Zschokkella nova (Myxozoa) , 1995, The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.

[26]  H. Wakabayashi,et al.  Myxobolus cultus n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) in the goldfish Carassius auratus transformed from the actinosporean stage in the oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi. , 1995, The Journal of parasitology.

[27]  W. Körting,et al.  First evidence that Hoferellus cyprini (Doflein, 1898) is transmitted by Nais sp , 1992 .

[28]  J. Janiszewska.  [Actinomyxidia. II. New systematization, sexual cycle, and description of new genera and species]. , 1956, Wiadomosci parazytologiczne.