Biomass Pyrolysis: A Review of the Literature Part 1—Carbohydrate Pyrolysis

A normative review of the literature describing the products, mechanisms and rates of carbohydrate pyrolysis is presented. The role of a complex sequence of competing solid and vapor phase pyrolysis pathways is elucidated.

[1]  H. Wenzl,et al.  The Chemical Technology of Wood , 1970 .

[2]  O. Golova.  Chemical Effects of Heat on Cellulose , 1975 .

[3]  A. Ouano,et al.  Molecular weight decrease in the early pyrolysis of crystalline and amorphous cellulose , 1973 .

[4]  B. Lewis,et al.  The Constitution of Corn Starch Dextrin1 , 1957 .

[5]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermal analysis of 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose , 1971 .

[6]  P. Mora,et al.  Synthetic Polysaccharides. I. Polycondensation of Glucose1 , 1958 .

[7]  T. Noguchi,et al.  Pyrolysis of untreated and APO‐THPC treated cotton cellulose during one‐second exposure to radiant flux levels of 5–25 cal./cm.2‐sec. , 1963 .

[8]  S. L. Madorsky,et al.  Thermal degradation of cellulosic materials , 1958 .

[9]  The Thermal Degradation of Starch. Part II. The Identification by Gas Chromatography of the Minor Volatile Products produced at 300°C , 1963 .

[10]  J. C. Arthur,et al.  ESR Spectra of Gamma-Irradiated Cotton Cellulose I and II , 1966 .

[11]  A. Broido,et al.  Thermogravimetric Analysis of Ammonia-Swelled Cellulose , 1970 .

[12]  U. Bahr,et al.  Curie-point pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: Part A: Methodology , 1981 .

[13]  J. Flynn.  The effect of heating rate upon the coupling of complex reactions. I. Independent and competitive reactions , 1980 .

[14]  Paul N. Cheremisinoff,et al.  Energy from solid wastes , 1976 .

[15]  S. Patai,et al.  Pyrolytic Reactions of Carbohydrates. Part VII. Simultaneous DTA‐TGA Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose In Vacuo , 1969 .

[16]  R. McCarter.  The Pyrolysis of Cellulose at Rates Approaching Those in Burning , 1972 .

[17]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Mechanism of thermal degradation of sucrose. A preliminary study , 1978 .

[18]  Alfred J. Stamm,et al.  Thermal Degradation of Wood and Cellulose , 1956 .

[19]  M. Lewin,et al.  The effect of orientation upon the annealing of cellulose , 1975 .

[20]  D. Klass.  Energy from Biomass and Wastes , 1984, Bio/Technology.

[21]  K. Heyns,et al.  Bräunungsreaktionen und fragmentierungen von kohlenhydraten , 1966 .

[22]  S. Martin,et al.  Compact Two-Stage Gas Chromatograph for Flash Pyrolysis Studies , 1961 .

[23]  H. Schulten,et al.  Curie-point pyrolysis and field ionization mass spectrometry of polysaccharides , 1978 .

[24]  R. Furneaux,et al.  Pyrolytic production of 1,6-anhydro-β-d-mannopyranose , 1979 .

[25]  R. Furneaux,et al.  Some reactions of levoglucosenone , 1979 .

[26]  M. Černý,et al.  1,6-Anhydro Derivatives of Aldohexoses , 1977 .

[27]  C. Greenwood.  The thermal degradation of starch. , 1967, Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry.

[28]  David Gordon Wilson,et al.  Handbook of solid waste management , 1977 .

[29]  J. C. Arthur,et al.  Thermal Initiation of Free Radicals in Cotton Cellulose , 1966 .

[30]  J. C. Arthur,et al.  ESR study of post‐irradiation reactions of cellulose and acrylonitrile , 1967 .

[31]  W. E. Franklin.  Direct pyrolysis of cellulose and cellulose derivatives in a mass spectrometer with a data system , 1979 .

[32]  F. E. Rogers,et al.  Kinetics of Cellulose Pyrolysis in Nitrogen and Steam , 1980 .

[33]  F. A. Wodley.  Pyrolysis products of untreated and flame retardant‐treated α‐cellulose and levoglucosan , 1971 .

[34]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Pyrolysis of cellulose. , 1973, Carbohydrate research.

[35]  M. Ramiah,et al.  Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin , 1970 .

[36]  J. G. Wiegerink.  Effects of Drying Conditions on Properties of Textile Yarns , 1940 .

[37]  K. Akita,et al.  Determination of kinetic parameters for pyrolysis of cellulose and cellulose treated with ammonium phosphate by differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis , 1967 .

[38]  David L. Urban,et al.  Study of the kinetics of sewage sludge pyrolysis using DSC and TGA , 1982 .

[39]  B. Browning,et al.  The Chemistry of Wood , 1975 .

[40]  M. J. Vold.  Differential Thermal Analysis , 1949 .

[41]  F. Brauns.  The chemistry of lignin , 1952 .

[42]  E. J. Murphy,et al.  Thermal decomposition of natural cellulose in vacuo , 1962 .

[43]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Solid-state transition of 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose , 1970 .

[44]  T. H. Gouw,et al.  Guide to modern methods of instrumental analysis , 1972 .

[45]  Fred Shafizadeh,et al.  A kinetic model for pyrolysis of cellulose. , 1979 .

[46]  H. Paulsen,et al.  Bräunungsreaktionen und fragmentierungen von kohlenhydraten : Teil I. Die flüchtigen abbauprodukte der pyrolyse von d-glucose , 1966 .

[47]  Oskar R. Zaborsky,et al.  Biomass Conversion Processes for Energy and Fuels , 1981 .

[48]  R. Bar-Gadda.  The kinetics of xylan pyrolysis , 1980 .

[49]  Robert H. Williams,et al.  The energy conservation papers , 1975 .

[50]  S. Patai,et al.  Pyrolytic Reactions of Carbohydrates. Part V. Isothermal Decomposition of Cellulose in Vacuo , 1969 .

[51]  D. A. Tillman,et al.  Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins , 1976 .

[52]  S. Kosiewicz.  Cellulose thermally decomposes at 70°C , 1980 .

[53]  R. Parikh.  Reaction Mechanism Involved in Cross-Linking Formaldehyde and RCH 2OH With Cellulose , 1967 .

[54]  C. Schuerch,et al.  Polymerization of Anhydro Sugar Derivatives. III. 1,6-Anhydro-β-D-galactopyranose and Its 2-O-Methyl Ether , 1961 .

[55]  David A. Tillman,et al.  Fuels and energy from renewable resources , 1977 .

[56]  H. Rüggeberg.  Untersuchungen über die Zusammensetzung von Röstdextrinen , 1952 .

[57]  C. Roy,et al.  Compensation effect in the thermal decomposition of cellulosic materials , 1980 .

[58]  F. Örsi.  Kinetic studies on the thermal decomposition of glucose and fructose , 1973 .

[59]  David A. Tillman,et al.  PROGRESS IN BIOMASS CONVERSION , 1979 .

[60]  P. E. Slade,et al.  Techniques and methods of polymer evaluation , 1966 .

[61]  J. Irvine,et al.  CCCCIV.—Polymerisation of β-glucosan. The constitution of synthetic dextrins , 1925 .

[62]  W. Smothers,et al.  Handbook of Differential Thermal Analysis , 1966 .

[63]  A. T. Perkins,et al.  Differential Thermal Analysis of Organic Compounds , 1957 .

[64]  W. E. Roseveare,et al.  Degradation of Rayon Tire Yarn at Elevated Temperatures , 1948 .

[65]  J. Villermaux,et al.  Pyrolyse-flash de déchets ligno-cellulosiques en vue de leur valorisation par l'énergie solaire concentrée , 1980 .

[66]  M. Wolfrom,et al.  The Composition of Pyrodextrins. III. Thermal Polymerization of Levoglucosan1 , 1959 .

[67]  B. Brimhall.  Structure of Pyrodextrins , 1944 .

[68]  C. C. Burwell,et al.  Solar biomass energy: an overview of u.s. Potential. , 1978, Science.

[69]  S. L. Madorsky.  Thermal Degradation of Organic Polymers , 1964 .

[70]  G. A. Jeffrey,et al.  The crystal structure of 1,6-anhydro--D-glucopyranose , 1971 .

[71]  T. E. Edwards,et al.  114. Quantitative aspects of the acid reversion of glucose , 1958 .

[72]  M. Moran,et al.  Biomass energy from crop and forest residues. , 1981, Science.

[73]  J. G. Witwer,et al.  Agricultural and forestry wastes as an energy resource , 1976 .

[74]  Howard W. Emmons,et al.  Thermal degradation and spontaneous ignition of paper sheets in air by irradiation , 1974 .

[75]  H. W. Parker,et al.  Synthesis Gas from Bovine Wastes , 1975 .

[76]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Alkaline thermolysis of phenyl α- and, β-D-glucopyranosides , 1972 .

[77]  Robert H. Williams,et al.  Flower Power: Prospects for Photosynthetic Energy. , 1976 .

[78]  L. K. Mudge,et al.  Catalyzed steam gasification of biomass , 1979 .

[79]  A. Broido,et al.  Char yield on pyrolysis of cellulose , 1975 .

[80]  R. Ross,et al.  A kinetic and surface study of the thermal decomposition of cellulose powder in inert and oxidizing atmospheres , 1978 .

[81]  Fred Shafizadeh,et al.  Production of levoglucosan and glucose from pyrolysis of cellulosic materials , 1979 .

[82]  U. Bahr,et al.  Pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: Part b: Polysaccharides , 1982 .

[83]  Dimler Rj.  1,6-Anhydrohexofuranoses, A New Class of Hexosans , 1952 .

[84]  S. Patai,et al.  Pyrolytic Reactions of Carbohydrates. Part IV. Anhydro‐Sugar Formation and Transglycosylation in the Thermal Reactions of Various Glucose Derivatives , 1969 .

[85]  N. Hon.  Formation of free radicals in photoirradiated cellulose. I. Effect of wavelength , 1975 .

[86]  D. F. Sullivan,et al.  Condensation of O-silyl ketene acetals with acid chlorides. A synthesis of β-keto esters. , 1973 .

[87]  G. A. Byrne,et al.  The pyrolysis of cellulose and the action of flame‐retardants , 1966 .

[88]  M. Černý,et al.  1,6-Anhydroaldohexopyranosen , 1970 .

[89]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermal degradation of xylan and related model compounds , 1972 .

[90]  R. Furneaux,et al.  Acid-catalyzed pyrolytic synthesis and decomposition of 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose , 1978 .

[91]  G. Dutton,et al.  THE STRUCTURE OF A SYNTHETIC GLUCAN: I. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES , 1962 .

[92]  M. L. Cushing,et al.  Molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of nitric triesters of corn starches and dextrins. , 1947, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[93]  F. Shafizadeh.  Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulosic Materials , 1968 .

[94]  I. E. Puddington.  The thermal decomposition of carbohydrates. , 1948, Canadian journal of research.

[95]  H. Sugisawa.  The Thermal Degradation of Sugars. II. The Volatile Decomposition Products of Glucose Caramel , 1966 .

[96]  R. Evans,et al.  Fundamental Pyrolysis Studies , 1983 .

[97]  C. Conrad,et al.  Kinetics of the Pyrolysis of Cotton Cellulose , 1966 .

[98]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermolysis of phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside catalyzed by zinc chloride , 1974 .

[99]  Anne E. Lipska,et al.  Isothermal pyrolysis of cellulose: Kinetics and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of the degradation products , 1969 .

[100]  A. Broido,et al.  Yield of 1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-β-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyranos-2-ulose (levoglucosenone) on the acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of cellulose and 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose (levoglucosan) , 1975 .

[101]  D. R. Stull,et al.  The chemical thermodynamics of organic compounds , 1969 .

[102]  Seymour. Glassner,et al.  Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Products from Controlled Application of Heat to Paper and Levoglucosan. , 1965 .

[103]  J. Radley.  Starch and its Derivatives , 1944, Nature.

[104]  Fred Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermal degradation of cellulose in air and nitrogen at low temperatures , 1979 .

[105]  P. Mora,et al.  Synthetic Polysaccharides. II. Fractionation of Polyglucose1 , 1958 .

[106]  F. Shafizadeh.  Pyrolysis of substituted phenyl -?-glucopyranosides and 2-deoxy-a-?-arabino-hexopyranosides , 1972 .

[107]  Ralph W. Kerr,et al.  Chemistry of Dextrinization , 1953 .

[108]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermolysis of phenyl glycosides , 1973 .

[109]  W. Wendlandt.  Thermal methods of analysis , 1964 .

[110]  Emil Ott,et al.  Cellulose and cellulose derivatives , 1954 .

[111]  H. Abe,et al.  Addition polymerization of anhydrosugar derivatives. II. The molecular weight distribution of polyanhydroglucose addition polymers , 1960 .

[112]  E. Back,et al.  The Effect of Auto Cross-Linking Reactions on the Thermal Softening of Cellulose , 1967 .

[113]  W. Peters,et al.  Product compositions and kinetics for rapid pyrolysis of cellulose , 1982 .

[114]  C. Sterling,et al.  Effect of Wet and Dry Heat on Structure of Cellulose , 1966 .

[115]  R. Baker.  Thermal decomposition of cellulose , 1975 .

[116]  S. L. Madorsky,et al.  Pyrolysis of cellulose in a vacuum , 1956 .

[117]  A. Broido,et al.  Pyrolysis-Crystallinity Relationships in Cellulose , 1970 .

[118]  T. B. Reed,et al.  A survey of biomass gasification , 1979 .

[119]  S. Patai,et al.  Pyrolytic Reaction of Carbohydrates. Part IX the Effect of Additives on the Thermal Behavior of Cellulose Samples of Different Crystallinity , 1970 .

[120]  C. Schuerch,et al.  Addition Polymerization of Anhydrosugar Derivatives. I. A Polyanhydroglucose1 , 1959 .

[121]  S. Patai,et al.  Pyrolytic Reactions of Carbohydrates. Part II. Thermal Decomposition of D‐Glucose , 1969 .

[122]  P. Koivistoinen,et al.  Carbohydrate Sweeteners in Foods and Nutrition , 1980 .

[123]  I. Pearl.  The chemistry of lignin , 1967 .

[124]  D. Donaldson,et al.  Effects of Bases on the Pyrolysis of Cotton Cellulose , 1967 .

[125]  W. Parker,et al.  Kinetics of the pyrolysis of cellulose in the temperature range 250–300°C. , 1966 .

[126]  D. Arseneau.  Competitive Reactions in the Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose , 1971 .

[127]  D. Dollimore,et al.  Thermal degradation of cellulose in nitrogen , 1973 .

[128]  M. Bains.  A thermochemical approach to flame retardation for cellulosic materials , 1974 .

[129]  A. Broido.  KINETICS OF SOLID-PHASE CELLULOSE PYROLYSIS , 1976 .

[130]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermal degradation of 3-deoxy-D-erythro-hexosulose , 1975 .

[131]  R. Susott,et al.  Thermal reactions of .alpha.-D-xylopyranose and .beta.-D-xylopyranosides , 1971 .

[132]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermal rearrangements of cellobiose and trehalose , 1973 .

[133]  G. Dutton,et al.  CONSTITUTION OF A SYNTHETIC GLUCAN: III. PERIODATE OXIDATION , 1964 .

[134]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Pyrolytic production and decomposition of 1,6-anhydro- 3,4-dideoxy-β-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyranos-2-ulose , 1976 .

[135]  M. Wolfrom,et al.  The Composition of Pyrodextrins , 1958 .

[136]  R. Furneaux,et al.  1,5-Anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-en-3-ulose and other pyrolysis products of cellulose , 1978 .

[137]  W. WashburnE.,et al.  International Critical Tables , 1927 .

[138]  M. Wolfrom,et al.  Composition of Pyrodextrins , 1961 .

[139]  G. Gavalas,et al.  Pyrolysis of a Precipitated Kraft Lignin , 1979 .

[140]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermal degradation of 1,6-anhydro-.beta.-D-glucopyranose , 1972 .

[141]  F. Shafizadeh,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose crystals , 1970 .

[142]  M. Antal,et al.  Yields and composition of sirups resulting from the flash pyrolysis of cellulosic materials using radiant energy , 1982 .

[143]  R. W. Kerr,et al.  Chemistry and industry of starch , 1944 .

[144]  Fred Ellerbusch,et al.  Biomass: applications, technology, and production , 1980 .

[145]  H. Howard,et al.  Aromatization of Cellulose by Heat , 1937 .

[146]  Y. Halpern,et al.  Levoglucosenone (1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-.DELTA.3-.beta.-D-pyranosen-2-one). Major product of the acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of cellulose and related carbohydrates , 1973 .