Impact of submerged macrophytes including charophytes on phyto- and zooplankton communities: allelopathy versus other mechanisms

Submerged macrophytes are crucial for the stabilization of the clear water state in shallow, mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Especially, charophytes often play an important role because they are typically rapid colonizers and because charophyte meadows are believed to have a particularly strong positive effect on water transparency compared to other macrophytes. Several mechanisms may contribute to the impact of submerged macrophytes on the planktonic food web. In this paper, the available literature on these mechanisms is briefly reviewed and special attention is paid to the impact of charophytes on the structure and dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton communities. The paper focuses on allelopathy, and possible differences between charophytes and other macrophytes, as well as gaps in our knowledge are discussed.

[1]  C. Burns,et al.  Food limitation, predation and allelopathy in a population of Daphnia carinata , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[2]  B. Moss,et al.  Trophic interactions in a shallow lake following a reduction in nutrient loading: a long-term study , 1994, Hydrobiologia.

[3]  G. Houen,et al.  Allelopathic effects on phytoplankton by substances isolated from aquatic macrophytes (Charales) , 1982 .

[4]  W. R. Demott,et al.  Feeding selectivities and relative ingestion rates of Daphnia and Bosmina1 , 1982 .

[5]  L. Kufel,et al.  Can Chara control phosphorus cycling in Lake Łuknajno (Poland)? , 1994, Hydrobiologia.

[6]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  The importance of macrophyte bed size for cladoceran composition and horizontal migration in a shallow lake , 1996 .

[7]  J. Madsen,et al.  Biologically active sulphur compounds from the green alga Chara globularis , 1980 .

[8]  D. Lodge,et al.  HORIZONTAL MIGRATION OF ZOOPLANKTON : PREDATOR-MEDIATED USE OF MACROPHYTE HABITAT , 1998 .

[9]  Erik Jeppesen,et al.  Biomanipulation as an Application of Food-Chain Theory: Constraints, Synthesis, and Recommendations for Temperate Lakes , 1998, Ecosystems.

[10]  I. Blindow,et al.  Allelopathic limitation of algal growth by macrophytes , 1994 .

[11]  B. Moss,et al.  Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing, in the presence of zooplanktivorous fish, in a shallow wetland ecosystem , 1984 .

[12]  B. Moss,et al.  Mesocosm experiments on the interaction of sediment influence, fish predation and aquatic plants with the structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities , 1996 .

[13]  Inderjit,et al.  Principles and practices in plant ecology: allelochemical interactions , 1999 .

[14]  I. Blindow,et al.  The composition and density of epiphyton on several species of submerged macrophytes — the neutral substrate hypothesis tested , 1987 .

[15]  M. Scheffer,et al.  Clear water associated with a dense Chara vegetation in the shallow and turbid Lake Veluwemeer, the Netherlands. , 1998 .

[16]  S. Diehl,et al.  Density dependent interactions in lake ecosystems : whole lake perturbation experiments , 1993 .

[17]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Impact of submerged macrophytes on fish-zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions : large-scale enclosure experiments in a shallow eutrophic lake , 1995 .

[18]  J. J. Gilbert,et al.  Suspended Clay and the Population Dynamics of Planktonic Rotifers and Cladocerans , 1990 .

[19]  G. E. Hutchinson,et al.  A treatise on limnology. , 1957 .

[20]  M. Perrow,et al.  Biomanipulation in shallow lakes: state of the art , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[21]  C. Forsberg,et al.  Absence of allelopathic effects of Chara on phytoplankton in situ , 1990 .

[22]  Lennart Persson,et al.  Prey Refuges Affecting Interactions Between Piscivorous Perch and Juvenile Perch and Roach , 1995 .

[23]  E. Gross,et al.  Polyphenols with algicidal activity in the submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. , 1994 .

[24]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Cascading effects on microbial food web structure in a dense macrophyte bed. , 1998 .

[25]  R. C. Hart.  Zooplankton feeding rates in relation to suspended sediment content: potential influences on community structure in a turbid reservoir , 1988 .

[26]  Inderjit,et al.  Allelopathy : organisms, processes, and applications , 1994 .

[27]  Factors contributing to light attenuation in Lake Veluwe. , 1994 .

[28]  C. Christophersen,et al.  Charamin, a quaternary ammonium ion antibiotic from the green alga Chara globularis , 1987 .

[29]  D. Lodge,et al.  Macrophyte and fish chemicals suppress Daphnia growth and alter life-history traits , 2000 .

[30]  M. Scheffer,et al.  Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. , 1993, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[31]  M. Mjelde,et al.  Ceratophyllum demersum hampers phytoplankton development in some small Norwegian lakes over a wide range of phosphorus concentrations and geographical latitude , 1997 .

[32]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Effects of submersed macrophytes on ecosystem processes , 1986 .

[33]  P. Eriksson,et al.  Nitrogen removal in a wastewater reservoir : The importance of denitrification by epiphytic biofilms on submersed vegetation , 1997 .

[34]  Seasonal variations in the loosely sorbed phosphorus fraction of the sediment of a shallow and hypereutrophic lake , 1988 .

[35]  I. Ikusima.  Ecological Studies on the Productivity of Aquatic Plant Communities I.:Measurement of Photosynthetic Activity , 1965 .

[36]  Hans Molisch,et al.  einfluss einer pflanze auf die andere, allelopathie , 1937 .

[37]  Colin S. Reynolds,et al.  The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton , 1984 .

[38]  B. Moss,et al.  The loss of submerged plants with eutrophication. I: Experimental design, water chemistry, aquatic plant and phytoplankton biomass in experiments carried out in ponds in the Norfolk Broadland , 1989 .

[39]  J. Barko,et al.  Effects of Submerged Aquatic Macrophytes on Nutrient Dynamics, Sedimentation, and Resuspension , 1998 .

[40]  M. Hosomi,et al.  Growth Inhibition of Blue-green Algae by Allelopathic Effects of Macrophytes , 1997 .

[41]  P. Eriksson,et al.  An experimental study on effects of submersed macrophytes on nitrification and denitrification in ammonium‐rich aquatic systems , 1999 .

[42]  M. Hammershøj,et al.  Does the impact of nutrients on the biological structure and function of brackish and freshwater lakes differ? , 1994, Hydrobiologia.

[43]  R. Wetzel,et al.  Role of Submerged Macrophytes for the Microbial Community and Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Aquatic Ecosystems , 1998 .

[44]  Erik Jeppesen,et al.  The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes , 1998, Ecological Studies.

[45]  M. Paterson.  The distribution of microcrustacea in the littoral zone of a freshwater lake , 1993, Hydrobiologia.

[46]  I. Ikusima.  Ecological Studies on the Productivity of Aquatic Plant Communities IV Light Condition and Community Photosynthesic Production , 1970 .

[47]  J. Pokorný,et al.  Production-ecological analysis of a plant community dominated by Elodea canadensis michx , 1984 .

[48]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Impact of Submerged Macrophytes on Fish-Zooplankton Interactions in Lakes , 1998 .

[49]  Martin Søndergaard,et al.  Impact of submerged macrophytes on phytoplankton in shallow freshwater lakes , 1998 .

[50]  M. Perrow,et al.  Submerged macrophytes as refuges for grazing Cladocera against fish predation: observations on seasonal changes in relation to macrophyte cover and predation pressure , 1997 .

[51]  R. Pennak.  Some Evidence for Aquatic Macrophytes as Repellents for a Limnetic Species of Daphnia , 1973 .

[52]  S. Crawford.  Farm pond restoration using Chara vulgaris vegetation , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[53]  E. Donk,et al.  Macrophyte-related shifts in the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the different trophic levels in a biomanipulated shallow lake , 1993, Hydrobiologia.

[54]  Jan E. Vermaat,et al.  Lake Veluwe, a Macrophyte-dominated System under Eutrophication Stress , 1994, Geobotany.

[55]  Gordon C. Tucker.  Ceratophyllum demersum L. , 1999 .

[56]  E. Donk,et al.  Transition of a lake to turbid state six years after biomanipulation: mechanisms and pathways , 1995 .

[57]  M. Scheffer,et al.  Vegetated areas with clear water in turbid shallow lakes , 1994 .

[58]  G. Andersson,et al.  How important is the crustacean plankton for the maintenance of water clarity in shallow lakes with abundant submerged vegetation , 2000 .

[59]  T. Lauridsen,et al.  Diel changes in the horizontal distribution of zooplankton in the littoral zone of two shallow eutrophic lakes , 1996 .

[60]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Switches between clear and turbid water states in a biomanipulated lake (1986-1996): the role of herbivory on macrophytes , 1998 .

[61]  W. R. Demott.  Discrimination between algae and artificial particles by freshwater and marine copepods1 , 1988 .

[62]  M. Scheffer.  Ecology of Shallow Lakes , 1997, Population and Community Biology Series.

[63]  W. Rip,et al.  Restoration of Botshol (The Netherlands) by reduction of external nutrient load : recovery of a characean community, dominated by Chara connivens , 1994 .

[64]  Marten Scheffer,et al.  Biomanipulation in shallow lakes in The Netherlands: an evaluation of 18 case studies , 1999 .

[65]  E. Gross.  Allelopathy in benthic and littoral areas : case studies on allelochemicals from benthic cyanobacteria and submersed macrophytes , 1999 .

[66]  I. Jasser.  The influence of macrophytes on a phytoplankton community in experimental conditions , 1995, Hydrobiologia.

[67]  B. Moss,et al.  Restoration of two lowland lakes by isolation from nutrient-rich water sources with and without removal of sediment. , 1986 .

[68]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Trophic dynamics in turbid and clearwater lakes with special emphasis on the role of zooplankton for water clarity , 1999 .

[69]  D. Lodge,et al.  Avoidance by Daphnia magna of fish and macrophytes: Chemical cues and predator‐mediated use of macrophyte habitat , 1996 .

[70]  S. Wium-Andersen.  Allelopathy among aquatic plants , 1987 .

[71]  M. Berg,et al.  Charophyte colonization in shallow lakes: processes, ecological effects and implications for lake management , 1999 .

[72]  W. Granéli,et al.  Influence of Macrophytes on Nitrate Removal in Wetlands , 1994 .

[73]  C. Hartog.  A treatise on limnology. Vol. III. Limnological botany: G.E. Hutchinson. John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1976, 660 pp., ISBN 471-42574-5, £16.75 , 1976 .