Establishment and Job Context Influences on the Use of Hiring Practices

Pourquoi les organisations utilisent-elles certaines methodes de selection professionnelle? Si beaucoup de travaux portent sur les procedures qu'elles devraient suivre, peu de recherches ou de theories existent sur le pourquoi de ce qui se fait reellement. Ceci est d'autant plus surprenant que beaucoup d'entreprises font appel a des pratiques de recrutement que la litterature specialisee juge inefficaces. Apres avoir examine plusieurs explications, on propose un point de vue relevant de la psychologie de l'evolution en raison de l'importance que celle-ci accorde a la genese et aux fonctions des modeles sociaux (Campbell, 1975). D'apres cette approche, ce sont des facteurs issus de l'environnement qui rendraient compte du choix des pratiques de selection. On a emis huit hypotheses qui ont ete mises a l'epreuve des donnees recueillies aupres de 62 etablissements. Les resultats montrent que les caracteristiques de l'organisation sont en correlation avec l'exploitation de tests standardises, que les caracteristiques des postes le sont avec la pratique des entretiens et que la rotation du personnel entretient un lien avec l'instauration de periodes d'essai. L'article traite ensuite des processus psychologiques qui determinent les habitudes et conclut sur les retombees concernant chercheurs et praticiens. Why do establishments use the hiring practices that they do? Although considerable research exists on the hiring methods that establishments should use, little theory or research exists on why current practices are used. This is curious because many establishments use hiring practices that the research literature regards as ineffective. After reviewing different explanations for utilisation, a perspective based on socio-cultural evolution is adopted because of its emphasis on the origins and functions of social patterns (Campbell, 1975). This perspective suggests that contextual factors may affect the use of hiring practices. Eight hypotheses were derived and tested on data collected from 62 establishments. The results indicated that establishment characteristics correlated with the use of standardised tests, job characteristics correlated with the use of interviews, and turnover correlated with the use of probationary periods. The paper concludes with suggestions about the psychological processes affecting usage, and with implications for research and practice.

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