European Historical Evidence Of The Supernova Of Ad 1054 Sky Above Europe On 4th July 1054

We investigate possible reasons for the absence of historical records of the supernova of 1054 in Europe. At the same time, we search for the new evidences as well. We establish that the previously acclaimed 'Arabic' records from ibn Butlan originate from Europe. As one of the most prominent scientists of the era, he was in Constantinople at the time of the supernova and actively participated in the medieval Church feud known as the Great Schism. Next, we reconstruct the European sky at the time of the event and find that the 'new star' (SN 1054) was in the west while the planet Venus was on the opposite side of the sky (in the east) with the Sun sited directly between these two equally bright objects, as documented in East-Asian records.

[1]  Alexander Beihammer.  Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade Notre Dame University , 2019, History: Reviews of New Books.

[2]  Christopher J. Nygren,et al.  Speculum , 2011, Speculum.

[3]  J. Wortley,et al.  John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057: Translation and Notes , 2010 .

[4]  A. Martocchia,et al.  Supernovae astrophysics from Middle Age documents , 2005, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union.

[5]  J. E. Whitten.  Streams of Gold , 2004 .

[6]  David A. Green,et al.  Historical Supernovae and Their Remnants , 2002 .

[7]  R. Marriott.  Journal of the British Astronomical Association: Index to Volume 112 (2003) , 1999 .

[8]  J. Dwyer.  Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity , 1985 .

[9]  A. Altmann.  The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church , 1957 .

[10]  J. Thompson,et al.  The Cambridge Medieval History , 1927 .

[11]  F. Röpke.  Supernovae , 2019, Explodierende Vielfalt.

[12]  J. Wortley,et al.  John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057: Alexander [912–913] , 2010 .

[13]  J. Cheynet.  Le schisme de 1054 : un non-événement ? , 2007 .

[14]  T. Fitzgerald.  The Ecumenical Movement , 2004 .

[15]  D. Deyoung.  The Crab Nebula , 2003 .

[16]  B. Roggema.  Syrian Christians under Islam , 2001 .

[17]  David C. Thomas.  Syrian Christians Under Islam: The First Thousand Years , 2001 .

[18]  L. R. Allen.  Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage J. L. Perdrix (Editor) Astral Press, Perth, Volume 1, Annual subscription (two issues) AU$30, ISSN 1440-2807 , 1998, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

[19]  G. Lupato.  SN1054: una supernova sul medioevo , 1997 .

[20]  V. F. Polcaro,et al.  The Supernova of 1054 in two contemporary European chronicles , 1993 .

[21]  John Julius Norwich.  Byzantium: The Apogee , 1991 .

[22]  A. Laiou,et al.  Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries , 1985 .

[23]  H. Jeffreys,et al.  Astronomy and geophysics , 1976 .

[24]  G. Weiss.  Oströmische Beamte im Spiegel der Schriften des Michael Psellos , 1973 .

[25]  Michael Psellus,et al.  Fourteen Byzantine Rulers: The Chronographia of Michael Psellus , 1966 .

[26]  J. Barker.  Dumbarton Oaks Papers , 1965 .