Relationship of mother and child variables to child outcomes in a high-risk sample: A causal modeling analysis.

Children of depressed mothers are at risk for psychopathology, but most studies have failed to examine mediators of the effects, mutual influence of children and mothers on each other, and effects of children's own characteristics. Children, aged 8 to 16, of 64 mothers with recurrent unipolar or bipolar affective disorders, chronic medicalillness, or no disorder were assessed on initial and 6-month follow-up measures. Structural equation modeling tested a model in which children's outcomes 6 months later were caused by maternal functioning (including depression symptoms, role adjustment, and observed positive interaction) and characteristics of the child. A reciprocal relationship was predicted between maternal functioning and child characteristics (including quality of interactions with the mother, self-concept, and age)

[1]  C. Hammen,et al.  Role of maternal depression in perceptions of child maladjustment. , 1989, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[2]  C. Hammen.  Self-cognitions, stressful events, and the prediction of depression in children of depressed mothers , 1988, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[3]  D. Hiroto,et al.  Cognitive vulnerability in children at risk for depression , 1987, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[4]  K. Merikangas,et al.  Children of depressed parents. Increased psychopathology and early onset of major depression. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[5]  C. Hammen,et al.  Children of depressed mothers: maternal strain and symptom predictors of dysfunction. , 1987, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[6]  C. Hammen,et al.  Maternal affective disorders, illness, and stress: risk for children's psychopathology. , 1987, The American journal of psychiatry.

[7]  Theodore Jacob,et al.  Family Interaction and Psychopathology: Theories, Methods and Findings , 1987 .

[8]  James G. Anderson.  Structural Equation Models in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: Model Building. , 1987 .

[9]  C. Holahan,et al.  Risk, resistance, and psychological distress: a longitudinal analysis with adults and children. , 1987, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[10]  J. Connell.  Structural Equation Modeling and the Study of Child Development: A Question of Goodness of Fit. , 1987 .

[11]  P. Lavori,et al.  Impact of severity and chronicity of parental affective illness on adaptive functioning and psychopathology in children. , 1986, Archives of general psychiatry.

[12]  R. Moos,et al.  Psychosocial adjustment of adolescent children of a depressed, arthritic, or normal parent. , 1985, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[13]  M. Rutter,et al.  Parental psychiatric disorder: effects on children , 1984, Psychological Medicine.

[14]  C. Zahn-Waxler,et al.  Early child-rearing practices in families with a manic-depressive parent. , 1984, The American journal of psychiatry.

[15]  J. Belsky,et al.  The determinants of parenting: a process model. , 1984, Child development.

[16]  S. Hauser,et al.  Familial contexts of adolescent ego development. , 1984, Child development.

[17]  A. Sameroff,et al.  Familial risk and child competence. , 1983, Child development.

[18]  G. Klerman,et al.  Children of parents with major affective disorder: a review. , 1983, The American journal of psychiatry.

[19]  C. Edelbrock,et al.  Manual for the Child: Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile , 1983 .

[20]  H. Orvaschel,et al.  Retrospective assessment of prepubertal major depression with the Kiddie-SADS-e. , 1982, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.

[21]  G. Patterson,et al.  Coercive Family Process , 1982 .

[22]  L. Steinberg.  Transformations in family relations at puberty. , 1981 .

[23]  M. Weissman,et al.  The assessment of social adjustment. An update. , 1981, Archives of general psychiatry.

[24]  Urie Bronfenbrenner,et al.  The Ecology of Human Development , 1981 .

[25]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[26]  K. Kidd,et al.  Children and depression--the children of depressed parents; the childhood of depressed patients; depression in children. , 1980, Journal of affective disorders.

[27]  B. Collins,et al.  Peer interaction in a structured communication task: comparisons of normal and hyperactive boys and of methylphenidate (Ritalin) and placebo effects. , 1979, Child development.

[28]  T. Achenbach.  The Child Behavior Profile: I. Boys aged 6--11. , 1978, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[29]  M. Weissman,et al.  Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. , 1976, Archives of general psychiatry.

[30]  D. Baumrind,et al.  Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. , 1967, Genetic psychology monographs.

[31]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring depression. , 1961, Archives of general psychiatry.

[32]  T. Jacob.  Family Interaction and Psychopathology , 1987 .

[33]  C. Borduin,et al.  Parent-child relations and the etiology of depression: A review of methods and findings , 1986 .

[34]  M. Rutter,et al.  Depression in young people : developmental and clinical perspectives , 1986 .

[35]  K. Jöreskog,et al.  Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood and least squares methods , 1983 .

[36]  J. Puig-Antich,et al.  The Clinical Assessment of Current Depressive Episodes in Children and Adolescents: Interviews with Parents and Children , 1983 .

[37]  D. Cantwell,et al.  Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence , 1983 .

[38]  H. Morrison.  Children of depressed parents : risk, identification, and intervention , 1983 .

[39]  John A. Martin.  A longitudinal study of the consequences of early mother–infant interaction: A microanalytic approach. , 1981 .

[40]  R. Michels,et al.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed , 1981 .

[41]  T. Field.  High-risk infants and children : adult and peer interactions , 1980 .

[42]  H. Quay,et al.  Psychopathological disorders of childhood , 1979 .

[43]  J. Endicott,et al.  Use of the Research Diagnostic Criteria and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to study affective disorders. , 1979, The American journal of psychiatry.

[44]  A. B. Hollingshead.  Four Factor Index of Social Status [1975] , 1975 .

[45]  T. Jacob.  Patterns of Family Conflict and Dominance as a Function of Child Age and Social Class. , 1974 .