Turbulent Times, Rocky Relationships

What influences how people feel about and behave toward their romantic partners? Extending beyond features of the partners, relationship experiences, and social context, the current research examines whether benign, relationship-irrelevant factors—such as one’s somatic experiences—can influence relationship perceptions and interpersonal behavior. Drawing on the embodiment literature, we propose that experiencing physical instability can undermine perceptions of relationship stability. Participants who experienced physical instability by sitting at a wobbly workstation rather than a stable workstation (Study 1), standing on one foot rather than two (Study 2), or sitting on an inflatable seat cushion rather than a rigid one (Study 3) perceived their romantic relationships to be less likely to last. Results were consistent with risk-regulation theory: Perceptions of relational instability were associated with reporting lower relationship quality (Studies 1–3) and expressing less affection toward the partner (Studies 2 and 3). These findings indicate that benign physical experiences can influence perceptions of relationship stability, exerting downstream effects on consequential relationship processes.

[1]  T. Mussweiler,et al.  Soft Assurance: Coping with Uncertainty Through Haptic Sensations , 2014 .

[2]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  When rejection stings: how self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[3]  M. Baldwin,et al.  Self-esteem and "if . . . then" contingencies of interpersonal acceptance. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[4]  John A Bargh,et al.  The Scaffolded Mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world. , 2009, European journal of social psychology.

[5]  Brian P. Meier,et al.  A metaphor-enriched social cognition. , 2010, Psychological bulletin.

[6]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Perceived Regard Explains Self- Esteem Differences in Expressivity , 2012, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[7]  Susan Sprecher,et al.  The Effects of Self-Disclosure Given and Received on Affection for an Intimate Partner and Stability of the Relationship , 1987 .

[8]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Fostering partner dependence as trust insurance: the implicit contingencies of the exchange script in close relationships. , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  L. A. Peplau,et al.  Testing the investment model of relationship commitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples , 2001 .

[10]  R. Wyer,et al.  Going my way? The benefits of travelling in the same direction , 2012 .

[11]  L. Barsalou Grounded cognition. , 2008, Annual review of psychology.

[12]  J. Bargh,et al.  Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth , 2008, Science.

[13]  W. Stroebe,et al.  The Alleged Crisis and the Illusion of Exact Replication , 2014, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[14]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  More than words: reframing compliments from romantic partners fosters security in low self-esteem individuals. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[15]  E. Berscheid,et al.  The Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships , 2004 .

[16]  Brian P. Meier,et al.  Embodiment in Social Psychology , 2012, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[17]  C. Rusbult Commitment and Satisfaction in Romantic Associations: A Test of the investment Model , 1980 .

[18]  Susan S. Hendrick,et al.  Self-Disclosure in Intimate Relationships: Associations with Individual and Relationship Characteristics Over Time , 2004 .

[19]  A. Hayes Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach , 2013 .

[20]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Balancing connectedness and self-protection goals in close relationships: a levels-of-processing perspective on risk regulation. , 2008, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[21]  Amanda L. Forest,et al.  When partner caring leads to sharing: Partner responsiveness increases expressivity, but only for individuals with low self-esteem , 2011 .

[22]  Jane L. Risen,et al.  Embodied motivation: using a goal systems framework to understand the preference for social and physical warmth. , 2014, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[23]  K. Vohs,et al.  Psychology as the Science of Self-reports and Finger Movements Whatever Happened to Actual Behavior? , 2022 .

[24]  E. Woody An SEM Perspective on Evaluating Mediation: What Every Clinical Researcher Needs to Know , 2011 .

[25]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  The dynamics of relationship promotion: controlling the automatic inclination to trust. , 2013, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[26]  Jeffry A. Simpson,et al.  The Dissolution of Romantic Relationships: Factors Involved in Relationship Stability and Emotional Distress , 1987 .

[27]  Julie Fitness,et al.  Understanding People's Perceptions of Relationships Is Crucial to Understanding their Emotional Lives , 2007 .

[28]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  The role of shared-values affirmation in enhancing the feelings of low self-esteem women about their relationships , 2007 .

[29]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Interdependent Minds: The Dynamics of Close Relationships , 2011 .

[30]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[31]  P. Shrout,et al.  Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. , 2002, Psychological methods.

[32]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Commitment insurance: compensating for the autonomy costs of interdependence in close relationships. , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  Thomas R. Eisenmann,et al.  The Huffington Post , 2010 .

[34]  D. Dutton,et al.  Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. , 1974, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[35]  Debra P. Bunyan,et al.  Reducing defensive distancing: Self-affirmation and risk regulation in response to relationship threats , 2011 .

[36]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Managing motivational conflict: how self-esteem and executive resources influence self-regulatory responses to risk. , 2012, Journal of personality and social psychology.