Cold, warm, and hot programming of shape memory polymers

In this article, programming is classified as hot, warm, and cold, based on the temperature zone within which the programming is conducted. The strain and stress locking and releasing mechanisms are discussed within the thermodynamics framework. A new formula is developed for quantifying the strain recovery ratio of cold-programmed SMPs. Stress fixity ratio and stress recovery ratio are also defined based on the understanding of stress locking and recovery mechanisms. State-of-the-art literature on warm and cold programming is reviewed. Well-controlled programming as well as free strain recovery test and constrained stress recovery test are conducted, in order to validate the memory mechanisms discussed in this study. It is found that, while programming temperature has an insignificant effect on the final free shape recovery, it has a significant effect on the stress recovery. The recovery stress programmed by cold programming may be lower, equal to, or higher than that by hot programming, due to the different stress locking mechanisms and other factors such as damage during the thermomechanical cycle. Cold, Warm, and Hot Programming of Shape Memory Polymers © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1319–1339

[1]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  A self-healing 3D woven fabric reinforced shape memory polymer composite for impact mitigation , 2010 .

[2]  Andreas Lendlein,et al.  Temperature‐Memory Polymer Networks with Crystallizable Controlling Units , 2011, Advanced materials.

[3]  Ziniu Yu,et al.  Effects of carbon black nanoparticles on two-way reversible shape memory in crosslinked polyethylene , 2015 .

[4]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  A self-healing particulate composite reinforced with strain hardened short shape memory polymer fibers , 2013 .

[5]  Manu John,et al.  Self-healing of sandwich structures with a grid stiffened shape memory polymer syntactic foam core , 2010 .

[6]  F. Baldi,et al.  Network architecture and shape memory behavior of cold-worked epoxies , 2013 .

[7]  Marc Behl,et al.  Nanostructural changes in crystallizable controlling units determine the temperature-memory of polymers , 2015 .

[8]  Jinlian Hu,et al.  Influences of phase composition and thermomechanical conditions on shape memory properties of segmented polyurethanes with amorphous reversible phase , 2012 .

[9]  Wei Min Huang,et al.  Shape/temperature memory phenomena in un-crosslinked poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) , 2015 .

[10]  Xiabin Jing,et al.  Polylactide-based polyurethane and its shape-memory behavior , 2006 .

[11]  Martin L. Dunn,et al.  Thermomechanical behavior of shape memory elastomeric composites , 2012 .

[12]  H. Meng,et al.  Reversible switching transitions of stimuli-responsive shape changing polymers , 2013 .

[13]  Jinwoo Choi,et al.  Modeling the glass transition of amorphous networks for shape-memory behavior , 2013 .

[14]  Woong-Ryeol Yu,et al.  Two-way shape memory behavior of shape memory polyurethanes with a bias load , 2010 .

[15]  Pengfei Zhang,et al.  Structural relaxation behavior of strain hardened shape memory polymer fibers for self‐healing applications , 2013 .

[16]  P. Poulin,et al.  How polymers lose memory with age. , 2014, Soft matter.

[17]  Wenxi Wang,et al.  Tunable Temperature Memory Effect of Photo-Cross-Linked Star PCL–PEG Networks , 2014 .

[18]  P. Mather,et al.  Thermoviscoplastic behaviors of anisotropic shape memory elastomeric composites for cold programmed non-affine shape change , 2015 .

[19]  L. Chaunier,et al.  Understanding the Mechanisms Involved in Shape Memory Starch: Macromolecular Orientation, Stress Recovery and Molecular Mobility , 2011 .

[20]  Habib Mohamadian,et al.  Various shape memory effects of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymers , 2013 .

[21]  Li Huayi,et al.  連続自己核形成およびアニーリングと 13 C-NMR技術によるポリプロピレンの立体欠陥分布におけるC /N混合外部ドナーの影響の解析 | 文献情報 | J-GLOBAL 科学技術総合リンクセンター , 2013 .

[22]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  A self-healing smart syntactic foam under multiple impacts , 2008 .

[23]  A. Lendlein,et al.  Shape-memory polymers , 2002 .

[24]  Thao D. Nguyen,et al.  A thermoviscoelastic model for amorphous shape memory polymers: Incorporating structural and stress relaxation , 2008 .

[25]  A. Lendlein,et al.  Influence of deformation temperature on structural variation and shape-memory effect of a thermoplastic semi-crystalline multiblock copolymer , 2015 .

[26]  M. Anthamatten,et al.  Well-Defined Shape-Memory Networks with High Elastic Energy Capacity , 2015 .

[27]  Jinlian Hu,et al.  Healable thermoset polymer composite embedded with stimuli-responsive fibres , 2012, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[28]  N. Ricardo,et al.  Chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid)/rice husk ash based superabsorbent hydrogel composite: preparation and characterization , 2012, Journal of polymer research.

[29]  Patrick T. Mather,et al.  Combined One-Way and Two-Way Shape Memory in a Glass-Forming Nematic Network , 2009 .

[30]  Hui Li,et al.  The reinforcement efficiency of carbon nanotubes/shape memory polymer nanocomposites , 2013 .

[31]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Investigation into stress recovery behavior of shape memory polyurethane fiber , 2014 .

[32]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Shape memory polymer based self-healing syntactic foam: 3-D confined thermomechanical characterization , 2010 .

[33]  Yanju Liu,et al.  Shape-memory polymers and their composites: Stimulus methods and applications , 2011 .

[34]  A. Arockiarajan,et al.  Shape recovery studies for coupled deformations in an epoxy based amorphous shape memory polymers , 2015 .

[35]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Effect of strain hardening of shape memory polymer fibers on healing efficiency of thermosetting polymer composites , 2013 .

[36]  Patrick T. Mather,et al.  Review of progress in shape-memory polymers , 2007 .

[37]  Marc Behl,et al.  Copolymer Networks Based on Poly(ω‐pentadecalactone) and Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)Segments as a Versatile Triple‐Shape Polymer System , 2010 .

[38]  Yong Zhu,et al.  Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications , 2012 .

[39]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  A viscoplastic theory of shape memory polymer fibres with application to self-healing materials , 2012, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[40]  A. Lendlein,et al.  Initiation of shape-memory effect by inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles in thermoplastic polymers. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  Qian Zhao,et al.  Hidden Thermoreversible Actuation Behavior of Nafion and Its Morphological Origin , 2014 .

[42]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  A multiscale theory of self-crack-healing with solid healing agent assisted by shape memory effect , 2015 .

[43]  Banahalli R. Ratna,et al.  Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Mechanical Properties of a Muscle , 2001 .

[44]  Spontaneous thermal expansion of nematic elastomers , 2001, cond-mat/0106138.

[45]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Spider-silk-like shape memory polymer fiber for vibration damping , 2014 .

[46]  H Jerry Qi,et al.  Temperature memory effect in amorphous shape memory polymers. , 2014, Soft matter.

[47]  David Bradley,et al.  Gen F Scientists , 2010 .

[48]  P. Mather,et al.  Two-way reversible shape memory in a semicrystalline network , 2008 .

[49]  B. Guo,et al.  New design strategy for reversible plasticity shape memory polymers with deformable glassy aggregates. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[50]  Tao Xu,et al.  Cyclic stress-strain behavior of shape memory polymer based syntactic foam programmed by 2-D stress condition , 2011 .

[51]  Tao Xu,et al.  Behavior of Thermoset Shape Memory Polymer-Based Syntactic Foam Sealant Trained by Hybrid Two-Stage Programming , 2013 .

[52]  F. Katzenberg,et al.  Programming of shape memory natural rubber for near-discrete shape transitions. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[53]  A. Lendlein,et al.  Shape-memory polymers. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[54]  Thao D. Nguyen,et al.  Modeling the multiple shape memory effect and temperature memory effect in amorphous polymers , 2015 .

[55]  H. Jerry Qi,et al.  A 3D finite deformation constitutive model for amorphous shape memory polymers: A multi-branch modeling approach for nonequilibrium relaxation processes , 2011 .

[56]  Andrey V. Dobrynin,et al.  Shapeshifting: Reversible Shape Memory in Semicrystalline Elastomers , 2014 .

[57]  Thao D. Nguyen,et al.  Influence of thermoviscoelastic properties and loading conditions on the recovery performance of shape memory polymers , 2011 .

[58]  Xiaofan Luo,et al.  Linear/network poly(ε-caprolactone) blends exhibiting shape memory assisted self-healing (SMASH). , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[59]  Jing Li,et al.  Relation between temperature memory effect and multiple-shape memory behaviors based on polymer networks , 2014 .

[60]  Jie Song,et al.  Shape Memory Performance of Thermoplastic Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-ethylene glycol-co-D,L-lactic acid) (PELA)/Hydroxyapatite Composites. , 2014, Macromolecular chemistry and physics.

[61]  William R. Rodgers,et al.  Semi-crystalline two-way shape memory elastomer , 2011 .

[62]  Samuel Ibekwe,et al.  A review of stimuli-responsive polymers for smart textile applications , 2012 .

[63]  D. Lourdin,et al.  Structural origin of stress and shape recovery in shape memory starch , 2015 .

[64]  H. Meng,et al.  A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites , 2013 .

[65]  M. Anthamatten,et al.  Shape Actuation via Internal Stress-Induced Crystallization of Dual-Cure Networks. , 2015, ACS macro letters.

[66]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Thermomechanical constitutive modelling of shape memory polymer including continuum functional and mechanical damage effects , 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[67]  T. Xie,et al.  Strain‐Based Temperature Memory Effect for Nafion and Its Molecular Origins , 2011 .

[68]  Patrick T. Mather,et al.  Polycaprolactone−POSS Chemical/Physical Double Networks , 2008 .

[69]  Wei Min Huang,et al.  Mechanisms of the multi-shape memory effect and temperature memory effect in shape memorypolymers , 2010 .

[70]  M. Maugey,et al.  Shape and Temperature Memory of Nanocomposites with Broadened Glass Transition , 2007, Science.

[71]  Christine Jérôme,et al.  Design of cross-linked semicrystalline poly(ε-caprolactone)-based networks with one-way and two-way shape-memory properties through Diels-Alder reactions. , 2011, Chemistry.

[72]  P. Mather,et al.  Shape Memory Polymer Research , 2009 .

[73]  D. Ratna,et al.  Recent advances in shape memory polymers and composites: a review , 2008 .

[74]  Xiangfang Peng,et al.  The morphology, properties, and shape memory behavior of polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane blends , 2015 .

[75]  Thorsten Pretsch,et al.  Programming of Temperature-Memory Onsets in a Semicrystalline Polyurethane Elastomer , 2014 .

[76]  A. Lendlein,et al.  Reversible Bidirectional Shape‐Memory Polymers , 2013, Advanced materials.

[77]  Thorsten Pretsch,et al.  Designing temperature-memory effects in semicrystalline polyurethane , 2015 .

[78]  Yiping Liu,et al.  Thermomechanics of shape memory polymer nanocomposites , 2004 .

[79]  Xiabin Jing,et al.  Poly(ε-caprolactone) Polyurethane and Its Shape-Memory Property† , 2005 .

[80]  T. Xie.  Recent advances in polymer shape memory , 2011 .

[81]  Wei Xu,et al.  Thermomechanical behavior of thermoset shape memory polymer programmed by cold-compression: Testing and constitutive modeling , 2011 .

[82]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  A biomimic shape memory polymer based self-healing particulate composite , 2010 .

[83]  Ning Wang,et al.  Erratum to: Cyclodextrin-based hyperbranched polymers by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of an ABn monomer: molecule design, synthesis, and characterization , 2012, Journal of Polymer Research.

[84]  Jan-Anders E. Månson,et al.  Isothermal recovery rates in shape memory polyurethanes , 2011 .

[85]  Robin Shandas,et al.  Effects of thermal rates on the thermomechanical behaviors of amorphous shape memory polymers , 2010 .

[86]  K. Suh,et al.  Pitch-tunable size reduction patterning with a temperature-memory polymer. , 2013, Small.

[87]  Jinsong Leng,et al.  Shape-Memory Polymers—A Class of Novel Smart Materials , 2009 .

[88]  H. Meng,et al.  Strain rate effect on the thermomechanical behavior of a thermoset shape memory polymer , 2013 .

[89]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  A multiscale approach for modeling actuation response of polymeric artificial muscles. , 2015, Soft matter.

[90]  Thao D. Nguyen,et al.  Partially constrained recovery of (meth)acrylate shape-memory polymer networks , 2012 .

[91]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Damage healing ability of a shape-memory-polymer-based particulate composite with small thermoplastic contents , 2012 .

[92]  Andreas Lendlein,et al.  Temperature‐Memory Effect of Copolyesterurethanes and their Application Potential in Minimally Invasive Medical Technologies , 2012 .

[93]  Yiping Liu,et al.  Thermomechanics of the shape memory effect in polymers for biomedical applications. , 2005, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[94]  I. Rousseau,et al.  Effect of the Deformation Temperature on the Shape‐Memory Behavior of Epoxy Networks , 2010 .

[95]  Marc Behl,et al.  Temperature-memory polymer actuators , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[96]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Thermomechanical characterization of a shape memory polymer based self-repairing syntactic foam , 2010 .

[97]  H. Luftmann,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of two shape-memory polymers containing short aramid hard segments and poly(ε-caprolactone) soft segments , 2006 .

[98]  Guoqiang Li,et al.  Thermomechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Polymer–Based Self-Healing Syntactic Foam Sealant for Expansion Joints , 2011 .

[99]  Wei Xu,et al.  Thermoviscoplastic Modeling and Testing of Shape Memory Polymer Based Self-Healing Syntactic Foam Programmed at Glassy Temperature , 2011 .

[100]  Frank Katzenberg,et al.  Superheated rubber for cold storage. , 2011, Advanced materials.