Physical properties of water

Publisher Summary Water is probably the most familiar chemical compound in human experience, and also the most necessary one. Sciences as diverse as biochemistry, meteorology, and geology require knowledge of the properties of water and aqueous solutions. In industry, water is an important part of many processes, and understanding of its properties is often necessary for design and optimization, particularly in fluids-based industries, such as chemical processing. A water molecule has a dipole moment and dipole polarizability. The key feature of the water's microscopic structure is hydrogen bonding. Because of the geometry and charge distribution of the water molecule, it tends to favor tetrahedral coordination with its neighbors. At higher temperatures, the thermal energy produces random configurations, so the amount of hydrogen bonding decreases with temperature. Because certain natural processes produce a slight fractionation between water molecules containing different isotopes, scientists can use isotopic compositions to trace processes such as global atmospheric circulation. Most people are at least qualitatively familiar with the transitions of water among vapor, liquid, and solid phases. It is customary and useful to represent this information with a phase diagram. The chapter reviews the thermodynamic, transporting, and other miscellaneous properties of water.

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