Potentiometric responses of ion-selective electrodes after galvanostatically controlled incorporation of primary ions.

A new method of quantitative incorporation of primary cations into ion-selective membrane by means of galvanostatic cathodic polarization/conditioning, before measurement step, was proposed and tested on the example of potassium-selective electrode with ionophore - valinomycin in poly(vinyl chloride) based membrane and with polypyrrole solid contact. Open circuit potential values recorded after polarization can be quantitatively explained by changes of primary cations and ionophore concentration in the surface part of the membrane. The influence of potassium ions concentration in the membrane (in relation to ion exchange sites amount) on the shape of potentiometric calibration plots was also observed. Improved characteristics, with extended linear range, can be obtained for membrane of minor loading with primary cations (around 25%), the responses are relatively stable in course of following calibrations.

[1]  A. Michalska.  Improvement of Analytical Characteristic of Calcium Selective Electrode with Conducting Polymer Contact. The Role of Conducting Polymer Spontaneous Charge Transfer Processes and Their Galvanostatic Compensation , 2005 .

[2]  A. Michalska,et al.  Element profiles in galvanostatically polarized K+-selective all-solid-state sensors with poly(vinyl chloride)-based membranes , 2008 .

[3]  A. Michalska,et al.  Quantifying Primary Silver Ions Contents in Poly(vinyl chloride) and Poly(n‐butyl acrylate) Ion‐Selective Membranes , 2009 .

[4]  A. Ivaska,et al.  Potentiometric ion sensors. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[5]  R. Buck,et al.  Microfabricated potentiometric electrodes and their in vivo applications. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  A. Lewenstam,et al.  Calcium ion-selective electrodes under galvanostatic current control , 2005 .

[7]  E. Bakker,et al.  Optical determination of ionophore diffusion coefficients in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) sensing films , 2004 .

[8]  A. Ivaska,et al.  Equilibrium potential of potentiometric ion sensors under steady-state current by using current-reversal chronopotentiometry , 2001 .

[9]  A. Michalska,et al.  Influence of galvanostatic polarisation on evolution of ion concentration profiles in ion-selective membranes, studied by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 2008 .

[10]  Ernö Pretsch,et al.  Polymer Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes–What are the Limits? , 1999 .

[11]  R. E. Gyurcsányi,et al.  Spectroscopic method for the determination of the ionic site concentration in solvent polymeric membranes and membrane plasticizers. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[12]  E. Pretsch,et al.  Spectropotentiometry: A New Method for in Situ Imaging of Concentration Profiles in Ion-Selective Membranes with Simultaneous Recording of Potential−Time Transients , 1996 .

[13]  J. Zook,et al.  Mathematical model of current-polarized ionophore-based ion-selective membranes: Large current chronopotentiometry , 2008 .

[14]  J. Bobacka,et al.  Potential Stability of All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes Using Conducting Polymers as Ion-to-Electron Transducers. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  E. Hall,et al.  Ion-transport and diffusion coefficients of non-plasticised methacrylic-acrylic ion-selective membranes. , 2004, Talanta.

[16]  W. E. Morf,et al.  Effects of controlled current on the response behavior of polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes , 2002 .

[17]  E. Bakker,et al.  Calcium pulstrodes with 10-fold enhanced sensitivity for measurements in the physiological concentration range. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[18]  A. Michalska,et al.  Lowering the Detection Limit of Ion-Selective Plastic Membrane Electrodes with Conducting Polymer Solid Contact and Conducting Polymer Potentiometric Sensors , 2003 .

[19]  E. Bakker,et al.  Measurement of total calcium by flash chronopotentiometry at polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[20]  E. Bakker,et al.  Pulsed galvanostatic control of ionophore-based polymeric ion sensors. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  Ernö Pretsch,et al.  Lowering the detection limit of solvent polymeric ion-selective electrodes. 1. Modeling the influence of steady-state ion fluxes , 1999 .

[22]  E. Bakker,et al.  Selectivity enhancement of anion-responsive electrodes by pulsed chronopotentiometry. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[23]  E. Bakker,et al.  Selective coulometric release of ions from ion selective polymeric membranes for calibration-free titrations. , 2006, The Analyst.

[24]  Ernö Pretsch,et al.  Potentiometric sensors for trace-level analysis. , 2005, Trends in analytical chemistry : TRAC.

[25]  M. Fibbioli,et al.  Response and Diffusion Behavior of Mobile and Covalently Immobilized H+‐Ionophores in Polymeric Membrane Ion‐Selective Electrodes , 2002 .

[26]  M. Kawasaki,et al.  Cation Permselectivity at the Phase Boundary of Ionophore-Incorporated Solvent Polymeric Membranes As Studied by Optical Second Harmonic Generation , 1995 .

[27]  A. Michalska,et al.  Galvanostatic Polarization of All‐Solid‐State K+‐Selective Electrodes with Polypyrrole Ion‐to‐Electron Transducer , 2006 .

[28]  E. Pretsch,et al.  Spectroscopic in situ imaging of acid coextraction processes in solvent polymeric ion-selective electrode and optode membranes , 1998 .

[29]  P. C. Meier.  Two-parameter debye-hückel approximation for the evaluation of mean activity coefficients of 109 electrolytes , 1982 .

[30]  A. Michalska,et al.  Method of achieving desired potentiometric responses of polyacrylate-based ion-selective membranes. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  E. Bakker,et al.  Direct sensing of total acidity by chronopotentiometric flash titrations at polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[32]  R. E. Gyurcsányi,et al.  Tailored transport through ion-selective membranes for improved detection limits and selectivity coefficients , 1999 .

[33]  R. E. Gyurcsányi,et al.  Picomolar detection limits with current-polarized Pb2+ ion-selective membranes. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  E. Bakker,et al.  Response characteristics of a reversible electrochemical sensor for the polyion protamine. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[35]  R. E. Gyurcsányi,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical microscopy: spatially resolved spectroelectrochemistry of carrier-based ion-selective membranes. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[36]  Miss A.O. Penney.  (b) , 1974, The New Yale Book of Quotations.