A colorimetric sensor array of porous pigments.

The development of a low-cost, simple colorimetric sensor array capable of the detection and identification of toxic gases is reported. This technology uses a disposable printed array of porous pigments in which metalloporphyrins and chemically-responsive dyes are immobilized in a porous matrix of organically modified siloxanes (ormosils) and printed on a porous membrane. The printing of the ormosil into the membrane is highly uniform and does not lessen the porosity of the membrane, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. When exposed to an analyte, these pigments undergo reactions that result in well-defined color changes due to strong chemical interactions: ligation to metal ions, Lewis or Brønsted acid-base interactions, hydrogen bonding, etc. Striking visual identification of 3 toxic gases has been shown at the IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) concentration, at the PEL (permissible exposure level), and at a level well below the PEL. Identification and quantification of analytes were achieved using the color change profiles, which were readily distinguishable in a hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) dendrogram, with no misclassifications in 50 trials.

[1]  A. Araújo,et al.  Optical sensors and biosensors based on sol-gel films. , 2007, Talanta.

[2]  D. Macquarrie,et al.  Mechanism of the optical response of mesoporous silica impregnated with Reichardt's dye to NH3 and other gases , 2004 .

[3]  Avijit Sen,et al.  Molecular recognition and discrimination of amines with a colorimetric array. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[4]  C. Reichardt,et al.  Solvatochromic Dyes as Solvent Polarity Indicators , 1994 .

[5]  H. Podbielska,et al.  SOL-GELS FOR OPTICAL SENSORS , 2006 .

[6]  J W Gardner and P N Bartlett,et al.  Electronic Noses: Principles and Applications , 1999 .

[7]  Margaret E. Kosal,et al.  Seeing smells: Development of an optoelectronic nose , 2007 .

[8]  Y. Sadaoka,et al.  Development of porphyrin dispersed sol–gel films as HCl sensitive optochemical gas sensor , 2006 .

[9]  Kenneth S Suslick,et al.  An Optoelectronic Nose: “Seeing” Smells by Means of Colorimetric Sensor Arrays , 2004, MRS bulletin.

[10]  E. Anslyn.  Supramolecular analytical chemistry. , 2007, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[11]  Shannon E. Stitzel,et al.  Cross-reactive chemical sensor arrays. , 2000, Chemical reviews.

[12]  J. Grate.  Acoustic wave microsensor arrays for vapor sensing. , 2000, Chemical reviews.

[13]  Zulfiqur Ali,et al.  Data analysis for electronic nose systems , 2006 .

[14]  M. Collinson,et al.  Organically modified silicate films for stable pH sensors , 1999 .

[15]  N. Lewis.  Comparisons between mammalian and artificial olfaction based on arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors. , 2004, Accounts of chemical research.

[16]  Mark Byrnes,et al.  Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Terrorism: Emergency Response and Public Protection , 2003 .

[17]  Gregory P. Harmer,et al.  Semiconducting metal oxide sensor array for the selective detection of combustion gases , 2003 .

[18]  Claudio Rottman,et al.  Surfactant-Induced Modification of Dopants Reactivity in Sol−Gel Matrixes , 1999 .

[19]  Richard A. Johnson,et al.  Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis , 1983 .

[20]  T. Minami,et al.  Preparation of Silica-Gel Film with pH Indicators by the Sol–Gel Method , 2005 .

[21]  N. Bârsan,et al.  Electronic nose: current status and future trends. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[22]  K. Suslick,et al.  Colorimetric sensor arrays for the analysis of beers: a feasibility study. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[23]  A. Hierlemann,et al.  Higher-order Chemical Sensing , 2007 .

[24]  P. Gemperline.  Practical Guide To Chemometrics , 2006 .

[25]  Kenneth S Suslick,et al.  A colorimetric sensor array for organics in water. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  J. Hair.  Multivariate data analysis , 1972 .

[27]  Neal A. Rakow,et al.  A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization , 2000, Nature.

[28]  Chen Zhang,et al.  Colorimetric sensor array for soft drink analysis. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[29]  Jiri Janata,et al.  Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors , 2003, Nature materials.

[30]  Kenneth S Suslick,et al.  Colorimetric detection and identification of natural and artificial sweeteners. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  Wenxuan Zhong,et al.  A colorimetric sensor array for detection and identification of sugars. , 2008, Organic letters.

[32]  Otto S. Wolfbeis,et al.  Materials for fluorescence-based optical chemical sensors , 2005 .

[33]  Kenneth S Suslick,et al.  Colorimetric sensor arrays for volatile organic compounds. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  John F. Vetelino,et al.  A semiconducting metal oxide sensor array for the detection of NOx and NH3 , 2001 .