Time delays, oscillations, and chaos in physiological control systems

Many physiological systems operate by feedback mechanisms in which there are time delays from the sensing of some disturbance to the mounting of an appropriate physiological response. Theoretical studies show that using either “mixed” feedback or multiple negative feedback loops with different delays, it is possible to generate complex periodic and aperiodic, chaotic rhythms. In an experimental study of finger tracking using visual feedback, a variable time delay can be added to the feedback circuit. As this delay is varied, complex rhythms of finger displacement are observed. We suggest that the complex dynamics observed in diverse physiological systems in normal individuals may be associated with chaotic dynamics arising from the interaction of multiple feedback loops.

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