Long-Term Monitoring of Propofol and Fouling Effect on Pencil Graphite Electrodes

The evaluation of the efficacy of drugs’ action is of crucial importance for preventing adverse effects due to over- or under-dosing. This is especially valuable in the case of propofol, a benchmark anesthetic, since its plasma concentration has to be continuously monitored to achieve and maintain a certain level of sedation during the surgery. To this end, long-term monitoring approaches have to be implemented. Electrochemical sensors have taken great interest for propofol monitoring. However, the problem of fouling of the propofol on the sensing electrodes, as due to compound-polymerization caused by successive measurements, makes almost impossible the long-term drug monitoring of such a compound. For the first time by this study, we have shown that long-term monitoring of propofol can be achieved by electrochemical sensors based on Pencil Graphite Electrode (PGE) with a proper clay/graphite ratio. Our research has shown that a clay/graphite ratio of 0.4 prevents fouling and hence enables monitoring of propofol.up to 4-hours. Surface analysis of various PGEs has been conducted via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) whereas detection of propofol has been investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV).

[1]  M. Ozsoz,et al.  A novel method for sensitive microRNA detection: Electropolymerization based doping. , 2017, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[2]  L. Trnková,et al.  Polymer lead pencil graphite as electrode material: Voltammetric, XPS and Raman study , 2016 .

[3]  M. Sajid,et al.  Graphite pencil electrodes as electrochemical sensors for environmental analysis: a review of features, developments, and applications , 2016 .

[4]  D. Wong,et al.  Recent strategies to minimise fouling in electrochemical detection systems , 2016 .

[5]  A. Kawde,et al.  Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes for Electroanalysis , 2016 .

[6]  James Kariuki,et al.  Development of a Novel, Low-Cost, Disposable Wooden Pencil Graphite Electrode for Use in the Determination of Antioxidants and Other Biological Compounds , 2015, Sensors.

[7]  Annamalai Senthil Kumar,et al.  A preanodized 6B-pencil graphite as an efficient electrochemical sensor for mono-phenolic preservatives (phenol and meta-cresol) in insulin formulations , 2015 .

[8]  Dongmei Wu,et al.  A mini-electrochemical system integrated micropipet tip and pencil graphite electrode for detection of anticancer drug sensitivity in vitro. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  M. Ozsoz,et al.  A new insight into electrochemical microRNA detection: a molecular caliper, p19 protein. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[10]  Jeffrey W. Fergus,et al.  Modeling analysis of electrode fouling during electrolysis of phenolic compounds , 2013 .

[11]  Anthony G Hudetz,et al.  General Anesthesia and Human Brain Connectivity , 2012, Brain Connect..

[12]  Edward Chaum,et al.  Toward feedback-controlled anesthesia: voltammetric measurement of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) in serum-like electrolyte solutions. , 2012, Analytical Chemistry.

[13]  Edward Chaum,et al.  Electrochemical quantification of 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol). , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[14]  W. Ridtitid,et al.  Cocktail sedation containing propofol versus conventional sedation for ERCP: a prospective, randomized controlled study , 2009, BMC Anesthesiology.

[15]  Paulo Henrique Campos Prado Tavares,et al.  Influence of pencil lead hardness on voltammetric response of graphite reinforcement carbon electrodes , 2008 .

[16]  Yücel Şahin,et al.  Determination of paracetamol based on electropolymerized-molecularly imprinted polypyrrole modified pencil graphite electrode , 2007 .

[17]  P. Kam,et al.  Propofol infusion syndrome , 2007, Anaesthesia.

[18]  Germano Tremiliosi-Filho,et al.  Electrode passivation caused by polymerization of different phenolic compounds , 2006 .

[19]  F. Guarracino,et al.  Target controlled infusion: TCI. , 2005, Minerva anestesiologica.

[20]  Karsten Haupt,et al.  Molecularly imprinted polymers: the next generation. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  Kagan Kerman,et al.  Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Interaction Between Arsenic Trioxide and DNA Based on Guanine Signal , 2003 .

[22]  D. Ivnitski,et al.  A quantitative determination of organophosphate pesticides in organic solvents , 2000 .

[23]  G. Biggio,et al.  Propofol in anesthesia. Mechanism of action, structure-activity relationships, and drug delivery. , 2000, Current medicinal chemistry.

[24]  E. Gepts,et al.  Pharmacokinetic concepts for TCI anaesthesia , 1998, Anaesthesia.

[25]  A. Bond,et al.  An inexpensive and renewable pencil electrode for use in field-based stripping voltammetry , 1997 .

[26]  Steven L. Shafer,et al.  Algorithms to rapidly achieve and maintain stable drug concentrations at the site of drug effect with a computer-controlled infusion pump , 1992, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics.

[27]  K. Nozaki,et al.  Applicability of graphite reinforcement carbon used as the lead of a mechanical pencil to voltammetric electrodes , 1989 .

[28]  A. Erdem,et al.  Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of MicroRNA-122 in Real Samples by Graphene Modified Disposable Electrodes , 2016 .

[29]  J. Kariuki.  An Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Pencil Graphite Electrodes , 2012 .