Environmental Externalities Score: a new emission factor to model green vehicle routing problem

In this paper, we introduce a new emissions factor referred to as the Environmental Externalities score (EES) as a measure of transportation network factors (e.g., gradient, rolling resistance, air resistance etc.) having an impact on fuel consumption of a vehicle. We express the EES by vehicle class (i.e. light-duty and heavy-duty) as a function of each one of these factors. We base our results on extensive bibliographic research and we provide comparisons between different routing scenarios. This novel emission factor is developed to define the objective function of the green vehicle routing problem.

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