ARCBALL: a user interface for specifying three-dimensional orientation using a mouse

Arcball is an input technique for 3-D computer graphics, using a mouse to adjust the spatial orientation of an object. In Arcball, human factors and mathematical fundamentals come together exceptionally well. Arcball provides consistency between free and constrained rotations using any direction as an axis; consistent visual input and feedback; kinesthetic agreement between mouse motion and object rotation; and consistent interpretation of mouse position. Attention to mathematical detail facilitates the tasks of users and implementors. Users say that as a general-purpose rotation controller Arcball is easier to use than its nearest rival, the Virtual Sphere. It is also more powerful, and simpler to implement.