Normativa para el asma de control difícil

Las actuales guías de buena práctica clínica (GINA1 y GEMA2) establecen que el asma está bien controlada cuando no existen síntomas de la enfermedad, exacerbaciones, necesidad de emplear medicación de rescate ni restricciones de la actividad física habitual, la función pulmonar es normal y el tratamiento no ocasiona efectos adversos. En contraposición, el asma mal controlada es la que cursa con alguno o varios de los anteriores supuestos. En consecuencia, el asma de control difícil se puede definir como el asma insuficientemente (o mal) controlada a pesar de una estrategia terapéutica apropiada y ajustada al nivel de gravedad clínico. Si bien en la bibliografía anglosajona habitualmente se emplean los términos de asma refractaria al tratamiento3, asma de difícil control4 o asma difícil resistente al tratamiento5 para definir a esta asma más grave, en la presente Normativa, y siguiendo criterios de uso apropiado de la lengua española, se usará el de asma de control difícil (ACD). Este término aglutina a variantes o fenotipos de la enfermedad tales como el de asma muy grave, de riesgo vital, inestable, dependiente de corticoides o resistente a corticoides. La GEMA2 discrimina 2 subgrupos de ACD, la verdadera y la falsa (grado de evidencia D). La falsa ACD agrupa otras causas, habitualmente ajenas a la enfermedad (ver apartado siguiente), que conllevan una escasa respuesta terapéutica y, por tanto, una aparente ACD. Bajo esta perspectiva, que contempla sólo la verdadera ACD como auténtica ACD, se han redactado los epígrafes de Epidemiología y factores de riesgo, Función pulmonar, Patología y Respuesta pobre o alterada a la medicación de esta Normativa. Con el objetivo de determinar si efectivamente se trata de una ACD verdadera, en los epígrafes de Actitud diagnóstica y Tratamiento se incluyen los 2 tipos de ACD, ya que para llegar a dicha conclusión es necesario descartar o tratar adecuadamente todos los factores que influyen en el control de la enfermedad. En el apartado Actitud diagnóstica se especifican las pruebas y pautas terapéuticas que se deben realizar para llegar al diagnóstico de verdadera ACD, a través de un proceso por el que se irán descartando todas las causas de ACD falsa. Por último, en el epígrafe Tratamiento se describen las recomendaciones que deben seguirse con los pacientes que no consiguen un buen control de la enfermedad a pesar de estar con la pauta terapéutica del escalón más alto (asma grave)2, así como las posibles alternativas para los refractarios al tratamiento, o sea, para los que tienen una ACD verdadera. El diagnóstico de ACD se establece cuando coexisten los 2 criterios mayores, o bien 1 de éstos junto con 2 de los criterios menores que recoge la tabla I (grado de evidencia D)5. Estos criterios son los que se emplean habitualmente para establecer el grado de control del asma.

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