Nationalism, Secularism, and Ethno-Cultural Diversity in Quebec

Abstract:An ongoing debate over the intersections between secularism and ethno-cultural diversity is taking place in contemporary societies. For example, in just over a decade, Quebec has witnessed multiple attempts to reframe its approach to issues of nationalism in the context of secularism and the regulation of ethno-cultural diversity. This qualitative and historically minded article studies the relationship among nationalism, secularism, and the regulation of diversity, through three stages of analysis. First, it explores the Catholic history of Quebec and the secularization dimensions of its nationalism since the Quiet Revolution and the ongoing debate within the province about religious accommodation and the integration of immigrants. Second, it lays the stage for examining the political and historical rise of the recently passed Bill 21 An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State in Quebec, through analysis of the failed, yet pivotal, proposal for a "Quebec Charter of Values" during the leadership of Parti Québécois (PQ) Premier Pauline Marois (2012–14). Throughout this article, the content of the charter under the PQ and the successful Act under the Coalition Avenir Québec are discussed in light of policy transfer from France to Quebec regarding secularism and the public display of religious symbols, as well as Quebec's unique context within the Canadian federation. Finally, it turns to recent political and policy developments in Quebec, including the passing of the new Act, as they relate to the changing relationship among nationalism, secularism, and diversity.Résumé:Les rapports entre laïcité et diversité ethnoculturelle font l'objet d'un débat continu dans les sociétés contemporaines. Par exemple, en un peu plus d'une décennie, le Québec a été témoin de multiples tentatives pour recadrer sa vision du nationalisme dans le contexte de la laïcité et de la réglementation de la diversité ethnoculturelle. Cet article qualitatif à perspective historique étudie les relations entre nationalisme, laïcité et régulation de la diversité dans une analyse en trois temps. Premièrement, il s'intéresse au passé catholique du Québec et au volet laïcisant de son nationalisme depuis la Révolution tranquille ainsi qu'au débat continu dans la province sur les accommodements religieux et l'intégration des immigrants. Deuxièmement, il prépare le terrain pour l'examen de l'ascension politique et historique du projet de loi 21, Loi sur la laïcité de l'État, récemment adopté, grâce à l'analyse de la Charte des valeurs du Québec, proposition–cruciale, malgré son échec–faite pendant le mandat de la première ministre péquiste Pauline Marois (2012-2014). Tout au long de cet article, le contenu de la charte du Parti québécois et celui de la loi que la Coalition Avenir Québec a fait adopter sont envisagés à la lumière du transfert, de la France vers le Québec, de politiques publiques sur la laïcité et sur l'affichage public des symboles religieux ainsi que du contexte unique du Québec au sein de la fédération canadienne. L'article traite enfin des récents développements politiques et stratégiques au Québec, entre autres de l'adoption de la nouvelle loi, qui montrent l'évolution des relations entre nationalisme, laïcité et diversité.

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