Human lumbar cord circuitries can be activated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity.

[1]  F. Plum Handbook of Physiology. , 1960 .

[2]  M. L. Shik,et al.  Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. , 1976, Physiological reviews.

[3]  C. Pratt,et al.  Locomotion evoked by brain stem stimulation: occurrence without phasic segmental afferent input , 1979, Brain Research.

[4]  E. Eidelberg,et al.  Locomotor control in macaque monkeys. , 1981, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[5]  S. Grillner Control of Locomotion in Bipeds, Tetrapods, and Fish , 1981 .

[6]  J. Lang Morphologie und funktionelle Anatomie der Lendenwirbelsäule und des benachbarten Nervensystems , 1984 .

[7]  S. Grillner Neurobiological bases of rhythmic motor acts in vertebrates. , 1985, Science.

[8]  A Roby-Brami,et al.  Long-latency spinal reflex in man after flexor reflex afferent stimulation. , 1987, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[9]  Postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons caused by spinal cord stimulation in humans. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[10]  B. Bussel,et al.  Myoclonus in a patient with spinal cord transection. Possible involvement of the spinal stepping generator. , 1988, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[11]  R A Davidoff,et al.  The dorsal columns , 1989, Neurology.

[12]  S. Garfin,et al.  Organization of intrathecal nerve roots at the level of the conus medullaris. , 1990, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[13]  V. Reggie Edgerton,et al.  Neurobiological basis of human locomotion , 1991 .

[14]  M M Panjabi,et al.  Thoracic Human Vertebrae Quantitative Three‐Dimensional Anatomy , 1991, Spine.

[15]  E. Garcia-Rill,et al.  Spinal cord stimulation-induced locomotion in the adult cat , 1992, Brain Research Bulletin.

[16]  M M Panjabi,et al.  Human Lumbar Vertebrae: Quantitative Three-Dimensional Anatomy , 1992, Spine.

[17]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Evidence of subclinical brain influence in clinically complete spinal cord injury: discomplete SCI , 1992, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[18]  J. Holsheimer,et al.  Excitation of dorsal root fibers in spinal cord stimulation: a theoretical study , 1993, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[19]  P. Jacobs,et al.  Involuntary stepping after chronic spinal cord injury. Evidence for a central rhythm generator for locomotion in man. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[20]  J. Hunter,et al.  Segmental effects of epidural spinal cord stimulation in humans. , 1994, The Journal of physiology.

[21]  Jiping He,et al.  Perception threshold and electrode position for spinal cord stimulation , 1994, Pain.

[22]  J Holsheimer,et al.  MR assessment of the normal position of the spinal cord in the spinal canal. , 1994, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[23]  D Shatin,et al.  Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of spasms in spinal cord injury: a prospective study. , 1995, Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery.

[24]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Motor control after spinal cord injury: Assessment using surface EMG , 1996, Muscle & nerve.

[25]  B. Dobkin,et al.  Human lumbosacral spinal cord interprets loading during stepping. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[26]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Evidence for a Spinal Central Pattern Generator in Humans a , 1998, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[27]  A. Saifuddin,et al.  The Variation of Position of the Conus Medullaris in an Adult Population: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 1998, Spine.

[28]  R Hoekema,et al.  Theoretical performance and clinical evaluation of transverse tripolar spinal cord stimulation. , 1998, IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[29]  J. Vilensky,et al.  Stepping in Nonhuman Primates with a Complete Spinal Cord Transection: Old and New Data, and Implications for Humans , 1998, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[30]  J. Nielsen,et al.  Pharmacologically evoked fictive motor patterns in the acutely spinalized marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) , 1998, Experimental Brain Research.

[31]  H. V. D. Crommert,et al.  Neural control of locomotion: sensory control of the central pattern generator and its relation to treadmill training. , 1998, Gait & posture.

[32]  B. Conway,et al.  How Do We Approach the Locomotor Network in the Mammalian Spinal Cord? a , 1998, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[33]  Jan Holsheimer,et al.  Computer modelling of spinal cord stimulation and its contribution to therapeutic efficacy , 1998, Spinal Cord.

[34]  V. Gurfinkel,et al.  Locomotor‐like movements evoked by leg muscle vibration in humans , 1998, The European journal of neuroscience.

[35]  F Rattay,et al.  Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 2. quantitative analysis by computer modeling , 2000, Spinal Cord.

[36]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 3. Control of spasticity , 2000, Spinal Cord.

[37]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Epidural electric stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbar spinal cord: 1. muscle twitches – a functional method to define the site of stimulation , 2000, Spinal Cord.

[38]  E. Jankowska Spinal interneuronal systems: identification, multifunctional character and reconfigurations in mammals , 2001, The Journal of physiology.

[39]  M. Beato,et al.  Alternating rhythmic activity induced by dorsal root stimulation in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro , 2001, The Journal of physiology.

[40]  Frank Rattay,et al.  Electrical Nerve Stimulation: "Theory, Experiments And Applications" , 2001 .

[41]  Jan Holsheimer,et al.  Which Neuronal Elements are Activated Directly by Spinal Cord Stimulation , 2002, Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society.

[42]  R. Herman,et al.  Spinal cord stimulation facilitates functional walking in a chronic, incomplete spinal cord injured , 2002, Spinal Cord.

[43]  J. Nielsen How we Walk: Central Control of Muscle Activity during Human Walking , 2003, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[44]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Initiating extension of the lower limbs in subjects with complete spinal cord injury by epidural lumbar cord stimulation , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[45]  Frank Rattay,et al.  Frequency-dependent selection of alternative spinal pathways with common periodic sensory input , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[46]  O. A. Nikitin,et al.  Control of Locomotor Activity in Humans and Animals in the Absence of Supraspinal Influences , 2002, Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology.

[47]  S. Grillner,et al.  On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat , 1979, Experimental Brain Research.

[48]  Jiping He,et al.  Epidural spinal-cord stimulation facilitates recovery of functional walking following incomplete spinal-cord injury , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[49]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Stepping-like movements in humans with complete spinal cord injury induced by epidural stimulation of the lumbar cord: electromyographic study of compound muscle action potentials , 2004, Spinal Cord.

[50]  S. Harkema,et al.  Locomotor activity in spinal cord-injured persons. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[51]  M. Dimitrijevic,et al.  Peripheral and Central Afferent Input to the Lumbar Cord , 2005 .

[52]  Igor A. Lavrov,et al.  Formation of locomotor patterns in decerebrate cats in conditions of epidural stimulation of the spinal cord , 2005, Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology.

[53]  W. McKay,et al.  Motor control in the human spinal cord and the repair of cord function. , 2005, Current pharmaceutical design.

[54]  V. Edgerton,et al.  Hindlimb stepping movements in complete spinal rats induced by epidural spinal cord stimulation , 2005, Neuroscience Letters.

[55]  J. Holsheimer,et al.  Effects of electrode geometry and combination on nerve fibre selectivity in spinal cord stimulation , 1995, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[56]  B. Coburn,et al.  Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord: two-dimensional finite element analysis with particular reference to epidural electrodes , 1980, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[57]  R. Herman,et al.  Modulation effects of epidural spinal cord stimulation on muscle activities during walking , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[58]  L. Geddes,et al.  The specific resistance of biological material—A compendium of data for the biomedical engineer and physiologist , 1967, Medical and biological engineering.