Cities and Carbon Market Finance: Taking Stock of Cities' Experience With Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI)

The importance of cities in climate policy stems from the simple reality that they house the majority of the world’s population, two-thirds of world energy use and over 70% of global energy use emissions. At the international level, global carbon markets have become an important new source of financing for mitigation projects and programmes. Yet to date, the participation of urban authorities and of urban mitigation projects in the global carbon market remains extremely limited. The under-representation of urban carbon projects can be linked both to the difficulties to implement urban mitigation projects and to the difficulties for cities to access the carbon market. This paper reviews 10 in–depth case studies of urban projects proposed and operating within the realm of Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It explores the drivers of success for projects, examining in particular: types of projects that have been successful and their profitability; leadership and other roles of various actors in project initiation development and operation (i.e. local, regional and national governments as well as international, private sector or other non-governmental organisations); the role of local cobenefits; and project financial structure and risk management approaches. This paper also considers how these lessons learned may inform decisions in the future about how to best tap the potential for carbon markets to offer increased levels of financial support for urban mitigation projects or programmes. La place accordee aux villes dans la politique climatique decoule d’un constat simple : elles abritent la majorite de la population mondiale, consomment les deux tiers de l’energie mondiale et produisent plus de 70 % des emissions mondiales liees a cette consommation. Au niveau international, les marches mondiaux du carbone sont devenus une nouvelle source importante de financement pour les projets et les programmes d’attenuation. Pourtant, a ce jour, la participation des autorites urbaines et des projets urbains d’attenuation au marche mondial du carbone reste encore extremement limitee. La sous-representation des projets urbains dans le domaine du carbone est a mettre en rapport avec les difficultes inherentes a la mise en oeuvre de projets urbains d’attenuation et avec les obstacles rencontres par les villes pour acceder au marche du carbone. Ce rapport examine dix etudes de cas approfondies portant sur des projets urbains, envisages ou existants, dans le domaine de la mise en oeuvre conjointe (MOC) ou du mecanisme pour un developpement propre (MDP) du Protocole de Kyoto. Il explore les facteurs de succes des projets, en examinant plus particulierement les types de projets qui ont reussi et leur rentabilite ; le role moteur des autorites et celui des differents acteurs dans le lancement des projets, leur developpement et leur fonctionnement (autorites locales, regionales et nationales, et organisations internationales, non gouvernementales et du secteur prive) ; les avantages connexes locaux ; et les approches en matiere de structure financiere des projets et de gestion des risques. Cette etude envisage aussi comment les enseignements tires de ces experiences pourront a l’avenir eclairer les decisions futures sur les moyens de mobiliser au mieux le potentiel des marches du carbone au service de l’accroissement du soutien financier aux projets ou programmes urbains d’attenuation.

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