Measurements from flame chemiluminescence tomography of forced laminar premixed propane flames

Abstract The unsteady, visible, chemiluminescence fields of two non-axisymmetric, forced, laminar, premixed, propane–air flames are tomographically reconstructed using between 3 and 36 equally-spaced views. Algorithms for measuring flame surface area, flame curvature, flame thickness, and the normal component of the flame propagation velocity (surface speed) are demonstrated. The sensitivity of each measurement to the number of views used in the reconstruction is then assessed. For both flames studied, the difference between flame surface area fluctuations measured using 36 views and those measured using as few as 9 views was less than 1%. For the other three quantities, a measurement sample is acquired over the entire flame surface at one phase of the forcing cycle for each flame. The sensitivity to the number of views is compared by assessing the similarity of measurement distributions obtained using the maximum number of views to those obtained using fewer views. The surface speed measurement distribution is found to converge fastest as the number of views was increased, though results for mean curvature are similar. However, the flame thickness measurement distribution was found to have significantly slower convergence and more than twice the number of views are required to measure flame thickness compared to curvature or surface speed. The demonstrated measurement algorithms are generally applicable to the chemiluminescence fields of wrinkled, premixed flames. The results suggest that for laboratory-scale, weakly turbulent, premixed, jet flames, statistical measurements of flame curvature and surface speed may be accurately obtained using as few as six views, while greater than 20 views are likely to be required to obtain useful measurements of flame thickness.

[1]  I. Jolliffe.  Principal Component Analysis , 2002 .

[2]  G T Herman,et al.  Resolution in reconstructing objects from electron micrographs. , 1971, Journal of theoretical biology.

[3]  Steven W. Smith,et al.  The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing , 1997 .

[4]  Fei Li,et al.  Numerical and experimental validation of a three-dimensional combustion diagnostic based on tomographic chemiluminescence. , 2013, Optics express.

[5]  A. Pressley.  Elementary Differential Geometry , 2000 .

[6]  S. Candel,et al.  Theoretical and experimental determinations of the transfer function of a laminar premixed flame , 2000 .

[7]  C. Carter,et al.  3D measurements of ignition processes at 20 kHz in a supersonic combustor , 2015 .

[8]  Julio Soria,et al.  An efficient simultaneous reconstruction technique for tomographic particle image velocimetry , 2009 .

[9]  Andreas Kempf,et al.  Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence (CTC): High resolution and instantaneous 3-D measurements of a Matrix burner , 2011 .

[10]  S. Candel,et al.  A unified model for the prediction of laminar flame transfer functions: comparisons between conical and V-flame dynamics , 2003 .

[11]  Anurag Goyal,et al.  Direct three dimensional tomography of flames using maximization of entropy technique , 2014 .

[12]  N. Karimi,et al.  Linear and non-linear forced response of a conical, ducted, laminar premixed flame , 2009 .

[13]  H M Hertz,et al.  Emission tomography of flame radicals. , 1988, Optics letters.

[14]  Nicholas A. Worth,et al.  Acceleration of Tomo-PIV by estimating the initial volume intensity distribution , 2008 .

[15]  C. Lawa,et al.  Structure , aerodynamics , and geometry of premixed flamelets , 2000 .

[16]  Fokion N. Egolfopoulos,et al.  CO2* Chemiluminescence in Premixed Flames , 1995 .

[17]  H. Curran,et al.  The oxidation of 2-butene: A high pressure ignition delay, kinetic modeling study and reactivity comparison with isobutene and 1-butene , 2017 .

[18]  E. Hawkes,et al.  A parametric study of sound generation by premixed laminar flame annihilation , 2012 .

[19]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  On reliable curvature estimation , 1989, CVPR.

[20]  N. Denisova,et al.  Emission tomography in flame diagnostics , 2013 .

[21]  Benjamin Böhm,et al.  Time resolved three-dimensional flamebase imaging of a lifted jet flame by laser scanning , 2015 .

[22]  Henning Bockhorn,et al.  Tomographic reconstruction of 2D-OH∗-chemiluminescence distributions in turbulent diffusion flames , 2012 .

[23]  Henry F. Inman,et al.  The overlapping coefficient as a measure of agreement between probability distributions and point estimation of the overlap of two normal densities , 1989 .

[24]  D. D. Verhoeven,et al.  High-resolution computed tomography of a turbulent reacting flow , 2011 .

[25]  A. Kempf,et al.  Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence (CTC): Instantaneous 3D measurements and Phantom studies of a turbulent opposed jet flame , 2011 .

[26]  Gabor T. Herman,et al.  Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography: Image Reconstruction from Projections , 2009, Advances in Pattern Recognition.

[27]  Domenic A. Santavicca,et al.  Three-Dimensional Chemiluminescence Imaging of Unforced and Forced Swirl-Stabilized Flames in a Lean Premixed Multi-Nozzle Can Combustor , 2013 .

[28]  C. Carter,et al.  Relationship between local reaction rate and flame structure in turbulent premixed flames from simultaneous 10 kHz TPIV, OH PLIF, and CH2O PLIF , 2017 .

[29]  Yong Yan,et al.  Recent Advances in Flame Tomography , 2012 .

[30]  D. Durox,et al.  Some effects of gravity on the behaviour of premixed flames , 1990 .

[31]  N. Clemens,et al.  Simultaneous high-speed 3D flame front detection and tomographic PIV , 2016 .

[32]  Marcus Aldén,et al.  Development of high temporally and spatially (three-dimensional) resolved formaldehyde measurements in combustion environments , 2006 .

[33]  Robert P Lucht,et al.  High-repetition-rate three-dimensional OH imaging using scanned planar laser-induced fluorescence system for multiphase combustion. , 2014, Applied optics.

[34]  Marcus Aldén,et al.  Time-resolved (kHz) 3D imaging of OH PLIF in a flame , 2014 .

[35]  S. Candel,et al.  Dynamics of and noise radiated by a perturbed impinging premixed jet flame , 2002 .

[36]  C. Carter,et al.  Comparison of 2D and 3D flame topography measured by planar laser-induced fluorescence and tomographic chemiluminescence. , 2016, Applied optics.

[37]  L. Kostiuk,et al.  The coupling of conical wrinkled laminar flames with gravity , 1995 .

[38]  C. Arndt,et al.  Rayleigh Index Fields in Helically Perturbed Swirl-Stabilized Flames Using Doubly Phase Conditioned OH* Chemiluminescence Tomography , 2016 .

[39]  Campbell D. Carter,et al.  3D flame topography and curvature measurements at 5 kHz on a premixed turbulent Bunsen flame , 2016 .

[40]  Nicholas A. Worth,et al.  Tomographic reconstruction of OH* chemiluminescence in two interacting turbulent flames , 2013 .

[41]  Sébastien Candel,et al.  Tomographic reconstruction of heat release rate perturbations induced by helical modes in turbulent swirl flames , 2013 .

[42]  Campbell D. Carter,et al.  From ignition to stable combustion in a cavity flameholder studied via 3D tomographic chemiluminescence at 20 kHz , 2016 .

[43]  D Verhoeven,et al.  Limited-data computed tomography algorithms for the physical sciences. , 1993, Applied optics.

[44]  Qingchun Lei,et al.  Direct comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence measurements on highly turbulent flames. , 2017, Optics letters.

[45]  Alexander M. Taylor,et al.  Spatial resolution of a chemiluminescence sensor for local heat-release rate and equivalence ratio measurements in a model gas turbine combustor , 2010 .

[46]  Alexander J. De Rosa,et al.  Flame Area Fluctuation Measurements in Velocity-Forced Premixed Gas Turbine Flames , 2015 .

[47]  Campbell D. Carter,et al.  Single-shot 3D flame diagnostic based on volumetric laser induced fluorescence (VLIF) , 2017 .

[48]  D. Santavicca,et al.  The Three-Dimensional Structure of Swirl-Stabilized Flames in a Lean Premixed Multinozzle Can Combustor , 2016 .

[49]  Yuji Ikeda,et al.  Basic aspects of OH(A), CH(A), and C2(d) chemiluminescence in the reaction zone of laminar methane–air premixed flames , 2005 .

[50]  Michael J. Brear,et al.  Disturbance energy transport and sound production in gaseous combustion , 2012, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[51]  Yang Song,et al.  Multi-directional 3D flame chemiluminescence tomography based on lens imaging. , 2015, Optics letters.

[52]  Natalia Denisova.  A maximum a posteriori reconstruction method for plasma tomography , 2004 .

[53]  Tim Lieuwen,et al.  Modeling Premixed Combustion-Acoustic Wave Interactions: A Review , 2003 .

[54]  Michael J. Brear,et al.  Sound generation by laminar premixed flame annihilation , 2011, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[55]  T. Lieuwen.  Unsteady Combustor Physics , 2012 .

[56]  Tim Lieuwen,et al.  Nonlinear kinematic response of premixed flames to harmonic velocity disturbances , 2005 .

[57]  Richard Gordon,et al.  Experiments with the nonlinear and chaotic behaviour of the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) algorithm for computed tomography. , 2004, Physics in medicine and biology.

[58]  Lin Ma,et al.  Nonintrusive and Multidimensional Optical Diagnostics and Their Applications in the Study of Thermal-Fluid Systems , 2016 .

[59]  Yojiro Ishino,et al.  Three-Dimensional Computerized Tomographic Reconstruction of Instantaneous Distribution of Chemiluminescence of a Turbulent Premixed Flame , 2005 .

[60]  T. Poinsot,et al.  Theoretical and numerical combustion , 2001 .