Slow Release Polymer-Iodine Tablets for Disinfection of Untreated Surface Water

Simple water treatment devices are designed to treat small amounts of drinking water for home use. This study was undertaken to develop an iodine-releasing polymeric formulation and examine its potential as a domestic water purifier for untreated sur- face water. The antimicrobial tablet formulation was made from gum arabic (GA), poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA), ethyl cellulose (EC), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-iodine (PVP-I). The formulation consisted of a dispersible core tablet surrounded by a hydrophilic coating of EC and poly(ethylene glycol) mixture. These stable, non-vaporiz- ing, and water-insoluble tablets slowly release iodine through diffusion over 48 h when suspended in water. The swelling behavior and release were observed to be the functions of excipient composition, iodine loading, and coating materials. Iodine release was determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy and volumetric titrations. The tab- lets were also assessed for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, and Salmonella typhimurium. The disinfection effi- ciency of the developed tablets was compared with a commercial formulation (Potable Aqua V R

[1]  Absorption of Iodine on the Surface of Silica Modified by Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Albumin , 2004 .

[2]  G. White.  The Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants , 1992 .

[3]  J. Hollowell,et al.  Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose. , 2000, Environmental health perspectives.

[4]  E. Haedicke,et al.  Structure of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (povidone-iodine). , 1979, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[5]  John C. Hoff,et al.  Contact and demand‐release disinfectants , 1989 .

[6]  R. L. Sauer,et al.  Numerical simulation of iodine speciation in relation to water disinfection aboard manned spacecraft I. Equilibria. , 1996, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Environmental science and engineering & toxic and hazardous substance control.

[7]  S. Garg,et al.  Development of Novel Sustained Release Bioadhesive Vaginal Tablets of Povidone Iodine , 2007, Drug development and industrial pharmacy.

[8]  C. Goodman.  United States Pharmacopeial Convention , 1988 .

[9]  S. Siggia.  The chemistry of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine. , 1957, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. American Pharmaceutical Association.

[10]  C. Abid,et al.  Preparation and characterization of films based on crosslinked blends of gum acacia, polyvinylalcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone‐iodine complex , 2008 .

[11]  S. Sattar,et al.  Domestic Water Treatment for Developing Countries , 1990 .

[12]  Raymond C Rowe,et al.  Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients , 1994 .

[13]  M. Pandeeswaran,et al.  Electronic, Raman and FT-IR spectral investigations of the charge transfer interactions between ketoconazole and povidone drugs with iodine. , 2009, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[14]  N. Udupa,et al.  Formulation and evaluation of controlled release dental implants of povidone iodine for periodontitis. , 1994, Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research.

[15]  E. Wright.  General microbiology : laboratory manual , 1984 .

[16]  P. Vasudevan,et al.  Sustained release of iodine from a polymeric hydrogel device for water disinfection , 2007 .

[17]  D. Gazda,et al.  Investigation of the iodine–poly(vinylpyrrolidone) interaction employed in the determination of biocidal iodine by colorimetric solid-phase extraction , 2004 .

[18]  Gerald Oster,et al.  Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectral Studies of Polyvinylpyrrolidone1 , 1954 .