A low profile human tendon force transducer: the influence of tendon thickness on calibration.

An in vitro calibration method for human tendon force transducers using tendon thickness to predict the calibration factor has been previously proposed (An et al., 1990, J. Biomechanics 23, 1269-1271). However, changes in the calibration factor due to changing tendon geometry during repeated tendon loading are unknown. A new, low-profile transducer design that measures tendon thickness in the transducer, in situ, is developed. An empirical model estimating the transducer's calibration factor is developed using data from in vitro tension testing of 12 fresh frozen human finger flexor tendons. Each tendon is preseated with ten loading cycles before data collection. Using tendon thickness, the model predicts the measured calibration factor to within 0-15% (average 6%). During repeated loading of an in vitro tendon, the calibration factor changes 15% over the first ten cycles (0-50 N) due to the observed changing tendon thickness. After the first ten loading cycles the variability of the calibration factor is reduced to less than 1% for the next three loading cycles. Hence this new, modified in vitro calibration procedure with tendon preseating reduces the cycle-to-cycle variability caused by the associated change in the tendon thickness.