Review on High‐Loading and High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Owing to high specific energy, low cost, and environmental friendliness, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold great promise to meet the increasing demand for advanced energy storage beyond portable electronics, and to mitigate environmental problems. However, the application of Li–S batteries is challenged by several obstacles, including their short life and low sulfur utilization, which become more serious when sulfur loading is increased to the practically accepted level above 3–5 mg cm−2. More and more efforts have been made recently to overcome the barriers toward commercially viable Li–S batteries with a high sulfur loading. This review highlights the recent progress in high-sulfur-loading Li–S batteries enabled by hierarchical design principles at multiscale. Particularly, basic insights into the interfacial reactions, strategies for mesoscale assembly, unique architectures, and configurational innovation in the cathode, anode, and separator are under specific concerns. Hierarchy in the multiscale design is proposed to guide the future development of high-sulfur-loading Li–S batteries.

[1]  Lixia Yuan,et al.  Enhanced Cyclability for Sulfur Cathode Achieved by a Water-Soluble Binder , 2011 .

[2]  Zhaolin Liu,et al.  Sulfur–carbon yolk–shell particle based 3D interconnected nanostructures as cathodes for rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[3]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Permselective graphene oxide membrane for highly stable and anti-self-discharge lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, ACS nano.

[4]  Jens Tübke,et al.  Cell energy density and electrolyte/sulfur ratio in Li–S cells , 2014 .

[5]  Terence J. Lozano,et al.  Failure Mechanism for Fast‐Charged Lithium Metal Batteries with Liquid Electrolytes , 2015 .

[6]  Yongyao Xia,et al.  A high performance lithium-ion sulfur battery based on a Li2S cathode using a dual-phase electrolyte , 2015 .

[7]  M. Whittingham,et al.  Lithium batteries and cathode materials. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[8]  Jiaqiang Huang,et al.  Novel interlayer made from Fe3C/carbon nanofiber webs for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[9]  Yi Cui,et al.  Sulfur cathodes with hydrogen reduced titanium dioxide inverse opal structure. , 2014, ACS Nano.

[10]  Xiao Liang,et al.  Sulfur cathodes based on conductive MXene nanosheets for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[11]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Lithium metal protection through in-situ formed solid electrolyte interphase in lithium-sulfur batteries: The role of polysulfides on lithium anode , 2016 .

[12]  Ruopian Fang,et al.  An integrated electrode/separator with nitrogen and nickel functionalized carbon hybrids for advanced lithium/polysulfide batteries , 2016 .

[13]  P. Hu,et al.  One-step hydrothermal synthesis of three-dimensional porous graphene aerogels/sulfur nanocrystals for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[14]  P. Novák,et al.  Performance-Enhancing Asymmetric Separator for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[15]  L. Nazar,et al.  Interwoven MXene Nanosheet/Carbon‐Nanotube Composites as Li–S Cathode Hosts , 2017, Advanced materials.

[16]  K. Jiang,et al.  Sulfur nanocrystals confined in carbon nanotube network as a binder-free electrode for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[17]  Hyun-Wook Lee,et al.  Selective deposition and stable encapsulation of lithium through heterogeneous seeded growth , 2016, Nature Energy.

[18]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Free-standing TiO2 nanowire-embedded graphene hybrid membrane for advanced Li/dissolved polysulfide batteries , 2015 .

[19]  Yingchao Yu,et al.  Yolk-shell structure of polyaniline-coated sulfur for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  H. Althues,et al.  Lithium–sulfur batteries: Influence of C-rate, amount of electrolyte and sulfur loading on cycle performance , 2014 .

[21]  Zhichuan J. Xu,et al.  Nano-hydroxyapatite as an Efficient Polysulfide Absorbent for High-performance Li-S Batteries , 2016 .

[22]  Chunsheng Wang,et al.  Sulfur-impregnated disordered carbon nanotubes cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2011, Nano letters.

[23]  Kun Fu,et al.  A Thermally Conductive Separator for Stable Li Metal Anodes. , 2015, Nano letters.

[24]  Ozan Toprakci,et al.  A review of recent developments in membrane separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries , 2014 .

[25]  Shengbo Zhang.  Binder Based on Polyelectrolyte for High Capacity Density Lithium/Sulfur Battery , 2012 .

[26]  Jun Chen,et al.  A Flexible Nanostructured Paper of a Reduced Graphene Oxide–Sulfur Composite for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Unconventional Configurations , 2016, Advanced materials.

[27]  Jing Sun,et al.  Application of gelatin as a binder for the sulfur cathode in lithium–sulfur batteries , 2008 .

[28]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Designing host materials for sulfur cathodes: from physical confinement to surface chemistry. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[29]  Jinqiu Zhou,et al.  A New Type of Multifunctional Polar Binder: Toward Practical Application of High Energy Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2017, Advanced materials.

[30]  Robert Dominko,et al.  Li-S battery analyzed by UV/Vis in operando mode. , 2013, ChemSusChem.

[31]  Jiaqi Huang,et al.  Multi-functional separator/interlayer system for high-stable lithium-sulfur batteries: Progress and prospects , 2015 .

[32]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Biomass derived activated carbon with 3D connected architecture for rechargeable lithium - sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[33]  Ji‐Guang Zhang,et al.  Lewis acid-base interactions between polysulfides and metal organic framework in lithium sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[34]  Jun Liu,et al.  A Soft Approach to Encapsulate Sulfur: Polyaniline Nanotubes for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with Long Cycle Life , 2012, Advanced materials.

[35]  Yitai Qian,et al.  A simple melting-diffusing-reacting strategy to fabricate S/NiS2-C for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[36]  J. Warzywoda,et al.  Confining Sulfur Species in Cathodes of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Insight into Nonpolar and Polar Matrix Surfaces , 2016 .

[37]  Feng Li,et al.  A Flexible Sulfur‐Graphene‐Polypropylene Separator Integrated Electrode for Advanced Li–S Batteries , 2015, Advanced materials.

[38]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  A Cooperative Interface for Highly Efficient Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[39]  Yue Zhou,et al.  High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with a Cost-Effective Carbon Paper Electrode and High Sulfur-Loading , 2015 .

[40]  S. Dou,et al.  Introducing ion-transport-regulating nanochannels to lithium-sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[41]  Tetsuo Sakai,et al.  High-power nickel/metal-hydride battery using new micronetwork substrate: Discharge rate capability and cycle-life performance , 2007 .

[42]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Template growth of porous graphene microspheres on layered double oxide catalysts and their applications in lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[43]  L. Nazar,et al.  Advances in Li–S batteries , 2010 .

[44]  M. Watanabe,et al.  Reversibility of electrochemical reactions of sulfur supported on inverse opal carbon in glyme-Li salt molten complex electrolytes. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[45]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Orthorhombic Bipyramidal Sulfur Coated with Polypyrrole Nanolayers As a Cathode Material for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2012 .

[46]  Yayuan Liu,et al.  Catalytic oxidation of Li2S on the surface of metal sulfides for Li−S batteries , 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[47]  J. Chazalviel,et al.  Electrochemical aspects of the generation of ramified metallic electrodeposits. , 1990, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[48]  J. Niu,et al.  High-rate aluminium yolk-shell nanoparticle anode for Li-ion battery with long cycle life and ultrahigh capacity , 2015, Nature Communications.

[49]  Céline Barchasz,et al.  New insight into the working mechanism of lithium-sulfur batteries: in situ and operando X-ray diffraction characterization. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[50]  Michael J. Hoffmann,et al.  Sulfur Cathodes with Carbon Current Collector for Li-S cells , 2013 .

[51]  Wei Lv,et al.  A Carbon-Sulfur Hybrid with Pomegranate-like Structure for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[52]  Yitai Qian,et al.  B,N-Co-doped Graphene Supported Sulfur for Superior Stable Li-S Half Cell and Ge-S Full Battery. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[53]  Yi Cui,et al.  High electrochemical selectivity of edge versus terrace sites in two-dimensional layered MoS2 materials. , 2014, Nano letters.

[54]  Qian Sun,et al.  An Aligned and Laminated Nanostructured Carbon Hybrid Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[55]  Henghui Xu,et al.  An integrally-designed, flexible polysulfide host for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries with stabilized lithium-metal anode , 2016 .

[56]  Tingzheng Hou,et al.  Design Principles for Heteroatom-Doped Nanocarbon to Achieve Strong Anchoring of Polysulfides for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Small.

[57]  X. Lou,et al.  Hollow Carbon Nanofibers Filled with MnO2 Nanosheets as Efficient Sulfur Hosts for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[58]  Bryan M. Wong,et al.  Solid state lithiation–delithiation of sulphur in sub-nano confinement: a new concept for designing lithium–sulphur batteries† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03419a , 2015, Chemical science.

[59]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Polysulfide shuttle control: Towards a lithium-sulfur battery with superior capacity performance up to 1000 cycles by matching the sulfur/electrolyte loading , 2014 .

[60]  T. Chen,et al.  Highly Efficient Retention of Polysulfides in "Sea Urchin"-Like Carbon Nanotube/Nanopolyhedra Superstructures as Cathode Material for Ultralong-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2017, Nano letters.

[61]  Ji‐Guang Zhang,et al.  Effect of the Anion Activity on the Stability of Li Metal Anodes in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2016 .

[62]  Dingcai Wu,et al.  Fabrication of novel powdery carbon aerogels with high surface areas for superior energy storage , 2017 .

[63]  Yang‐Kook Sun,et al.  Freestanding Bilayer Carbon–Sulfur Cathode with Function of Entrapping Polysulfide for High Performance Li–S Batteries , 2016 .

[64]  Jiulin Wang,et al.  Sulfur‐Based Composite Cathode Materials for High‐Energy Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2015, Advanced materials.

[65]  Myung-Hyun Ryou,et al.  Excellent Cycle Life of Lithium‐Metal Anodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Mussel‐Inspired Polydopamine‐Coated Separators , 2012 .

[66]  Jinghua Guo,et al.  Acacia Senegal–Inspired Bifunctional Binder for Longevity of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[67]  Hui‐Ming Cheng,et al.  Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition. , 2011, Nature materials.

[68]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Three-dimensional aluminum foam/carbon nanotube scaffolds as long- and short-range electron pathways with improved sulfur loading for high energy density lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[69]  X. Lou,et al.  Double-Shelled Nanocages with Cobalt Hydroxide Inner Shell and Layered Double Hydroxides Outer Shell as High-Efficiency Polysulfide Mediator for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[70]  P. Bruce,et al.  Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[71]  Xiulin Fan,et al.  Tailoring Surface Acidity of Metal Oxide for Better Polysulfide Entrapment in Li‐S Batteries , 2016 .

[72]  Jiaqiang Xu,et al.  A MnO2/Graphene Oxide/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Sulfur Composite with Dual-Efficient Polysulfide Adsorption for Improving Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[73]  Yi Cui,et al.  Composite lithium metal anode by melt infusion of lithium into a 3D conducting scaffold with lithiophilic coating , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[74]  Xueping Gao,et al.  A High‐Efficiency Sulfur/Carbon Composite Based on 3D Graphene Nanosheet@Carbon Nanotube Matrix as Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Battery , 2017 .

[75]  Jingyuan Liu,et al.  To mitigate self-discharge of lithium–sulfur batteries by optimizing ionic liquid electrolytes , 2016 .

[76]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  Entrapment of sulfur in hierarchical porous graphene for lithium-sulfur batteries with high rate per , 2013 .

[77]  Xiaofei Yang,et al.  Phase Inversion: A Universal Method to Create High‐Performance Porous Electrodes for Nanoparticle‐Based Energy Storage Devices , 2016 .

[78]  Jun Lu,et al.  Progress in Mechanistic Understanding and Characterization Techniques of Li‐S Batteries , 2015 .

[79]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries , 2016 .

[80]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Understanding the role of different conductive polymers in improving the nanostructured sulfur cathode performance. , 2013, Nano letters.

[81]  Jie Gao,et al.  Effects of Liquid Electrolytes on the Charge–Discharge Performance of Rechargeable Lithium/Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemical and in-Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Studies , 2011 .

[82]  Seung M. Oh,et al.  Highly Cyclable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Dual-Type Sulfur Cathode and a Lithiated Si/SiOx Nanosphere Anode. , 2015, Nano letters.

[83]  Jianqiu Huang,et al.  Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cable Made from Ultralight, Flexible Graphene/Carbon Nanotube/Sulfur Composite Fibers , 2017 .

[84]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A Polyethylene Glycol‐Supported Microporous Carbon Coating as a Polysulfide Trap for Utilizing Pure Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[85]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Stabilized Lithium-Metal Surface in a Polysulfide-Rich Environment of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[86]  Ruopian Fang,et al.  3D Interconnected Electrode Materials with Ultrahigh Areal Sulfur Loading for Li–S Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[87]  Jiaqi Huang,et al.  Graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrids: one-step catalytic growth and applications for high-rate Li-S batteries. , 2012, ACS nano.

[88]  Shuru Chen,et al.  Functional Organosulfide Electrolyte Promotes an Alternate Reaction Pathway to Achieve High Performance in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[89]  Lin Gu,et al.  Smaller sulfur molecules promise better lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[90]  Shengbo Zhang.  Does the sulfur cathode require good mixing for a liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur cell? , 2013 .

[91]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Scaled-up fabrication of porous-graphene-modified separators for high-capacity lithium–sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[92]  Hui Wu,et al.  High performance lithium metal anode: Progress and prospects , 2017 .

[93]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Polysulfide‐Shuttle Control in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with a Chemically/Electrochemically Compatible NaSICON‐Type Solid Electrolyte , 2016 .

[94]  Yueying Peng,et al.  High sulfur loading lithium–sulfur batteries based on a upper current collector electrode with lithium-ion conductive polymers , 2017 .

[95]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Advanced Micro/Nanostructures for Lithium Metal Anodes , 2017, Advanced science.

[96]  Yusheng Yang,et al.  A lithium-sulfur cathode with high sulfur loading and high capacity per area: a binder-free carbon fiber cloth-sulfur material. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[97]  Rongming Wang,et al.  Freestanding and Sandwich‐Structured Electrode Material with High Areal Mass Loading for Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2017 .

[98]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Nanostructured sulfur cathodes. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[99]  M. Zheng,et al.  Preparation and performance of a core–shell carbon/sulfur material for lithium/sulfur battery , 2010 .

[100]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  The synergetic effect of lithium polysulfide and lithium nitrate to prevent lithium dendrite growth , 2015, Nature Communications.

[101]  Céline Barchasz,et al.  Lithium/Sulfur Batteries Upon Cycling: Structural Modifications and Species Quantification by In Situ and Operando X‐Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy , 2015 .

[102]  D. Truhlar,et al.  Graphene‐Supported Nitrogen and Boron Rich Carbon Layer for Improved Performance of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Due to Enhanced Chemisorption of Lithium Polysulfides , 2016 .

[103]  Yi Cui,et al.  Improving lithium–sulphur batteries through spatial control of sulphur species deposition on a hybrid electrode surface , 2014, Nature Communications.

[104]  L. Stievano,et al.  X-ray absorption near-edge structure and nuclear magnetic resonance study of the lithium-sulfur battery and its components. , 2014, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[105]  S. Choudhury,et al.  Multifunctional Separator Coatings for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2016 .

[106]  Feiying Jin,et al.  Efficient Activation of High-Loading Sulfur by Small CNTs Confined Inside a Large CNT for High-Capacity and High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Nano letters.

[107]  Jingjing Xu,et al.  A new configured lithiated silicon–sulfur battery built on 3D graphene with superior electrochemical performances , 2016 .

[108]  Shaogang Wang,et al.  A high-density graphene-sulfur assembly: a promising cathode for compact Li-S batteries. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[109]  Yusheng Yang,et al.  High performance lithium–sulfur batteries with a permselective sulfonated acetylene black modified separator , 2016 .

[110]  Jun Liu,et al.  Direct Observation of the Redistribution of Sulfur and Polysufides in Li–S Batteries During the First Cycle by In Situ X‐Ray Fluorescence Microscopy , 2015 .

[111]  D. Macfarlane,et al.  Co3O4 nanoneedle arrays as a multifunctional “super-reservoir” electrode for long cycle life Li–S batteries , 2017 .

[112]  Sang-Young Lee,et al.  Progress in flexible energy storage and conversion systems, with a focus on cable-type lithium-ion batteries , 2013 .

[113]  L. Nazar,et al.  A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries. , 2009, Nature materials.

[114]  Naixin Xu,et al.  A novel conductive polymer-sulfur composite cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2002 .

[115]  M. Naebe,et al.  A review of recent developments in rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[116]  J. Cabana,et al.  X-ray Absorption Spectra of Dissolved Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries from First-Principles. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[117]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Dual‐Confined Flexible Sulfur Cathodes Encapsulated in Nitrogen‐Doped Double‐Shelled Hollow Carbon Spheres and Wrapped with Graphene for Li–S Batteries , 2015 .

[118]  Shoushan Fan,et al.  Superaligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays, Films, and Yarns: A Road to Applications , 2011, Advanced materials.

[119]  Weikun Wang,et al.  Improved cycle stability and high security of Li-B alloy anode for lithium–sulfur battery , 2014 .

[120]  Yongju Jung,et al.  New approaches to improve cycle life characteristics of lithium-sulfur cells , 2007 .

[121]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A Facile Layer‐by‐Layer Approach for High‐Areal‐Capacity Sulfur Cathodes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[122]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Cathode materials based on carbon nanotubes for high-energy-density lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[123]  Gérard Férey,et al.  Cathode composites for Li-S batteries via the use of oxygenated porous architectures. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[124]  Yusheng Yang,et al.  A new lithium secondary battery system: the sulfur/lithium-ion battery , 2014 .

[125]  Jean-Marie Tarascon,et al.  Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage. , 2011, Nature materials.

[126]  Lei Wang,et al.  Porous carbon nanofiber–sulfur composite electrodes for lithium/sulfur cells , 2011 .

[127]  Jeong Jae Wie,et al.  The use of elemental sulfur as an alternative feedstock for polymeric materials. , 2013, Nature chemistry.

[128]  Shengqi Zhang.  A new finding on the role of LiNO3 in lithium-sulfur battery , 2016 .

[129]  Yusheng Yang,et al.  A high sulfur content composite with core–shell structure as cathode material for Li–S batteries , 2013 .

[130]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Polymer nanofiber-guided uniform lithium deposition for battery electrodes. , 2015, Nano letters.

[131]  Emanuel Peled,et al.  The Electrochemical Behavior of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals in Nonaqueous Battery Systems—The Solid Electrolyte Interphase Model , 1979 .

[132]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Nitrogen‐Doped Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Sandwiches: Facile Catalytic Growth on Bifunctional Natural Catalysts and Their Applications as Scaffolds for High‐Rate Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[133]  Jun Chen,et al.  Sulphur-polypyrrole composite positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2006 .

[134]  H. Althues,et al.  Reduced polysulfide shuttle in lithium–sulfur batteries using Nafion-based separators , 2014 .

[135]  Mark Wild,et al.  Lithium sulfur batteries, a mechanistic review , 2015 .

[136]  Shengbo Zhang,et al.  A proof-of-concept lithium/sulfur liquid battery with exceptionally high capacity density , 2012 .

[137]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  A high-performance polymer tin sulfur lithium ion battery. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[138]  Zhan Lin,et al.  Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: from Liquid to Solid Cells? , 2015 .

[139]  S. Dou,et al.  A methodical approach for fabrication of binder-free Li2S-C composite cathode with high loading of active material for Li-S battery , 2016 .

[140]  Ji‐Guang Zhang,et al.  Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries , 2014 .

[141]  K. Edström,et al.  Porosity Blocking in Highly Porous Carbon Black by PVdF Binder and Its Implications for the Li–S System , 2014 .

[142]  Shengdi Zhang.  Role of LiNO3 in rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery , 2012 .

[143]  Jitong Wang,et al.  Unique electrochemical behavior of heterocyclic selenium–sulfur cathode materials in ether-based electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2016 .

[144]  Michel Armand,et al.  A new class of Solvent-in-Salt electrolyte for high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries , 2013, Nature Communications.

[145]  Zhian Zhang,et al.  Polydopamine-coated separator for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries , 2015, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.

[146]  Shengbo Zhang,et al.  Liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur battery: Fundamental chemistry, problems, and solutions , 2013 .

[147]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Nanoarchitectured Graphene/CNT@Porous Carbon with Extraordinary Electrical Conductivity and Interconnected Micro/Mesopores for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[148]  Xiulin Fan,et al.  High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Battery Enabled by a Mixed-Conductive Li2S Nanocomposite. , 2016, Nano letters.

[149]  Hao Sun,et al.  Phosphorene as a Polysulfide Immobilizer and Catalyst in High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2017, Advanced materials.

[150]  Feng Li,et al.  A flexible nanostructured sulphur–carbon nanotube cathode with high rate performance for Li-S batteries , 2012 .

[151]  Haoshen Zhou,et al.  Enhancing the performances of Li-ion batteries by carbon-coating: present and future. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[152]  J. Janek,et al.  The critical role of lithium nitrate in the gas evolution of lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[153]  Yuegang Zhang,et al.  Dense integration of graphene and sulfur through the soft approach for compact lithium/sulfur battery cathode , 2015 .

[154]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Ionic shield for polysulfides towards highly-stable lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[155]  Mihui Park,et al.  Recent Developments of the Lithium Metal Anode for Rechargeable Non‐Aqueous Batteries , 2016 .

[156]  Chang Yu,et al.  Cobalt-embedded nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanorods for synergistically immobilizing the discharge products in lithium–sulfur battery , 2016 .

[157]  Yayuan Liu,et al.  An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase with High Li‐Ion Conductivity, Mechanical Strength, and Flexibility for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes , 2017, Advanced materials.

[158]  L. Nazar,et al.  Graphene-enveloped sulfur in a one pot reaction: a cathode with good coulombic efficiency and high practical sulfur content. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[159]  W. Qin,et al.  Binder-free cathodes based on sulfur–carbon nanofibers composites for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[160]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A trifunctional multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyethylene glycol (MWCNT/PEG)-coated separator through a layer-by-layer coating strategy for high-energy Li–S batteries , 2016 .

[161]  E. Cairns,et al.  Nanostructured Li₂S-C composites as cathode material for high-energy lithium/sulfur batteries. , 2012, Nano letters.

[162]  Jun Chen,et al.  Sulfur nanodots electrodeposited on ni foam as high-performance cathode for Li-S batteries. , 2015, Nano letters.

[163]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  3D Mesoporous Graphene: CVD Self-Assembly on Porous Oxide Templates and Applications in High-Stable Li-S Batteries. , 2015, Small.

[164]  Byung Hyuk Kim,et al.  Improving the electrochemical behavior of lithium-sulfur batteries through silica-coated nickel-foam cathode collector , 2017 .

[165]  C. Liang,et al.  Lithium superionic sulfide cathode for all-solid lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, ACS nano.

[166]  Jianming Zheng,et al.  High Energy Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Challenges of Thick Sulfur Cathodes , 2015 .

[167]  Jianming Zheng,et al.  Direct Observation of Sulfur Radicals as Reaction Media in Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[168]  Yong‐Sheng Hu,et al.  MWCNT porous microspheres with an efficient 3D conductive network for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[169]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Unstacked double-layer templated graphene for high-rate lithium–sulphur batteries , 2014, Nature Communications.

[170]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Dendrite-free nanostructured anode: entrapment of lithium in a 3D fibrous matrix for ultra-stable lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Small.

[171]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A core–shell electrode for dynamically and statically stable Li–S battery chemistry , 2016 .

[172]  J. Tübke,et al.  In-Situ Raman Investigation of Polysulfide Formation in Li-S Cells , 2013 .

[173]  Lei Wang,et al.  Covalent bond glued sulfur nanosheet-based cathode integration for long-cycle-life Li-S batteries. , 2013, Nano letters.

[174]  Feixiang Wu,et al.  Li-ion battery materials: present and future , 2015 .

[175]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Interconnected hollow carbon nanospheres for stable lithium metal anodes. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[176]  Yitai Qian,et al.  Sole Chemical Confinement of Polysulfides on Nonporous Nitrogen/Oxygen Dual‐Doped Carbon at the Kilogram Scale for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2017 .

[177]  Zhenguo Yang,et al.  Sandwich-type functionalized graphene sheet-sulfur nanocomposite for rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[178]  Ashleigh M. Schwarz,et al.  Polyamidoamine dendrimer-based binders for high-loading lithium–sulfur battery cathodes , 2016 .

[179]  Hui Wu,et al.  A yolk-shell design for stabilized and scalable li-ion battery alloy anodes. , 2012, Nano letters.

[180]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A High Energy Lithium‐Sulfur Battery with Ultrahigh‐Loading Lithium Polysulfide Cathode and its Failure Mechanism , 2016 .

[181]  L. Nazar,et al.  New approaches for high energy density lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[182]  Yan Yu,et al.  Facile Solid‐State Growth of 3D Well‐Interconnected Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Nanotube–Graphene Hybrid Architectures for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2016 .

[183]  Donghai Wang,et al.  Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Promoted Chemical Adsorption of Sulfur and Fabrication of High‐Areal‐Capacity Sulfur Cathode with Exceptional Cycling Stability for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[184]  Shuru Chen,et al.  High capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries at low electrolyte/sulfur ratio enabled by an organosulfide containing electrolyte , 2017 .

[185]  Lynden A Archer,et al.  Stable lithium electrodeposition in liquid and nanoporous solid electrolytes. , 2014, Nature materials.

[186]  Fan Zhang,et al.  Sulfur-infiltrated graphene-based layered porous carbon cathodes for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, ACS nano.

[187]  Hyun-Wook Lee,et al.  Erratum: Growth of conformal graphene cages on micrometre-sized silicon particles as stable battery anodes , 2016, Nature Energy.

[188]  Chong Yan,et al.  Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additives to Render Uniform Li Deposits in Lithium Metal Batteries , 2017 .

[189]  Jung-Ki Park,et al.  Perfluorinated ionomer-enveloped sulfur cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, ChemSusChem.

[190]  Lin Ma,et al.  Nanomaterials: Science and applications in the lithium–sulfur battery , 2015 .

[191]  Li Li,et al.  Sulfur/Polythiophene with a Core/Shell Structure: Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of the Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2011 .

[192]  Elton J. Cairns,et al.  N-Methyl-(n-butyl)pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-LiTFSI–poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether mixture as a Li/S cell electrolyte , 2008 .

[193]  Patrik Johansson,et al.  A review of electrolytes for lithium–sulphur batteries , 2014 .

[194]  Xiangming He,et al.  Expansion and shrinkage of the sulfur composite electrode in rechargeable lithium batteries , 2009 .

[195]  Zaiping Guo,et al.  A Strategy for Configuration of an Integrated Flexible Sulfur Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[196]  T. Rojo,et al.  Towards High‐Safe Lithium Metal Anodes: Suppressing Lithium Dendrites via Tuning Surface Energy , 2016, Advanced science.

[197]  Huisheng Peng,et al.  A Cable‐Shaped Lithium Sulfur Battery , 2016, Advanced materials.

[198]  J. Warzywoda,et al.  Soybean-derived hierarchical porous carbon with large sulfur loading and sulfur content for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[199]  Guangmin Zhou,et al.  Electrostatic-spraying an ultrathin, multifunctional and compact coating onto a cathode for a long-life and high-rate lithium-sulfur battery , 2016 .

[200]  Hai-Bo Lu,et al.  Efficient Fabrication of Hierarchically Porous Graphene-Derived Aerogel and Its Application in Lithium Sulfur Battery. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[201]  Feng Wu,et al.  A Safe Electrolyte with Counterbalance between the Ionic Liquid and Tris(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether for High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[202]  Yu-Guo Guo,et al.  An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes , 2016, Advanced materials.

[203]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Towards Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Low Self-Discharge Rate: Ion Diffusion Modulation and Anode Protection. , 2015, ChemSusChem.

[204]  A. Manthiram,et al.  High‐Performance Li/Dissolved Polysulfide Batteries with an Advanced Cathode Structure and High Sulfur Content , 2014 .

[205]  Haizhu Sun,et al.  Synergistic Design of Cathode Region for the High-Energy-Density Li-S Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[206]  R. Zengerle,et al.  Degradation of Li/S Battery Electrodes On 3D Current Collectors Studied Using X-ray Phase Contrast Tomography , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[207]  Yi Cui,et al.  Ultrahigh Surface Area Three-Dimensional Porous Graphitic Carbon from Conjugated Polymeric Molecular Framework , 2015, ACS central science.

[208]  Feng Li,et al.  Carbon–sulfur composites for Li–S batteries: status and prospects , 2013 .

[209]  L. Giebeler,et al.  Enhanced polysulphide redox reaction using a RuO2 nanoparticle-decorated mesoporous carbon as functional separator coating for advanced lithium-sulphur batteries. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[210]  Li Wang,et al.  Charge/discharge characteristics of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile composite with different sulfur content in carbonate based electrolyte for lithium batteries , 2012 .

[211]  Quan-hong Yang,et al.  Graphene-based materials for electrochemical energy storage devices: Opportunities and challenges , 2016 .

[212]  Jun Lu,et al.  Strong lithium polysulfide chemisorption on electroactive sites of nitrogen-doped carbon composites for high-performance lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[213]  Xingxing Gu,et al.  A porous nitrogen and phosphorous dual doped graphene blocking layer for high performance Li–S batteries , 2015 .

[214]  Shuru Chen,et al.  Bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether as an electrolyte co-solvent for mitigating self-discharge in lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[215]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Rational Integration of Polypropylene/Graphene Oxide/Nafion as Ternary-Layered Separator to Retard the Shuttle of Polysulfides for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Small.

[216]  Xueping Gao,et al.  A Polyaniline‐Coated Sulfur/Carbon Composite with an Enhanced High‐Rate Capability as a Cathode Material for Lithium/Sulfur Batteries , 2012 .

[217]  Yayuan Liu,et al.  Layered reduced graphene oxide with nanoscale interlayer gaps as a stable host for lithium metal anodes. , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[218]  J. Eckert,et al.  Functional Mesoporous Carbon‐Coated Separator for Long‐Life, High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[219]  Ya‐Xia Yin,et al.  Accommodating lithium into 3D current collectors with a submicron skeleton towards long-life lithium metal anodes , 2015, Nature Communications.

[220]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Bifunctional Separator with a Light‐Weight Carbon‐Coating for Dynamically and Statically Stable Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[221]  L. Nazar,et al.  Radical or Not Radical: Revisiting Lithium–Sulfur Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Electrolytes , 2015 .

[222]  T. Yokoshima,et al.  The Potential for the Creation of a High Areal Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Battery Using a Metal Foam Current Collector , 2017 .

[223]  Lixia Yuan,et al.  Insight into the Electrode Mechanism in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with Ordered Microporous Carbon Confined Sulfur as the Cathode , 2013 .

[224]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  The effect of a solid electrolyte interphase on the mechanism of operation of lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[225]  Gleb Yushin,et al.  Infiltrated Porous Polymer Sheets as Free‐Standing Flexible Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Electrodes , 2016, Advanced materials.

[226]  Lixia Yuan,et al.  Status and prospects in sulfur–carbon composites as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[227]  Guangmin Zhou,et al.  Progress in flexible lithium batteries and future prospects , 2014 .

[228]  M. Oschatz,et al.  Nanocasting hierarchical carbide-derived carbons in nanostructured opal assemblies for high-performance cathodes in lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, ACS nano.

[229]  Tao Qian,et al.  Greatly Suppressed Shuttle Effect for Improved Lithium Sulfur Battery Performance through Short Chain Intermediates. , 2017, Nano letters.

[230]  B. Dunn,et al.  Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices , 2011, Science.

[231]  A. Manthiram,et al.  High‐Energy, High‐Rate, Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Synergetic Effect of Hollow TiO2‐Webbed Carbon Nanotubes and a Dual Functional Carbon‐Paper Interlayer , 2016 .

[232]  Jens Tübke,et al.  Lithium–Sulfur Cells: The Gap between the State‐of‐the‐Art and the Requirements for High Energy Battery Cells , 2015 .

[233]  Yi Cui,et al.  Designing high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2016, Chemical Society reviews.

[234]  Yuegang Zhang,et al.  Chemical routes toward long-lasting lithium/sulfur cells , 2016, Nano Research.

[235]  Changhong Wang,et al.  Monodispersed sulfur nanoparticles for lithium-sulfur batteries with theoretical performance. , 2015, Nano letters.

[236]  Shuru Chen,et al.  Facile synthesis of a interleaved expanded graphite-embedded sulphur nanocomposite as cathode of Li–S batteries with excellent lithium storage performance , 2012 .

[237]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Sulphur–TiO2 yolk–shell nanoarchitecture with internal void space for long-cycle lithium–sulphur batteries , 2013, Nature Communications.

[238]  Sang-Cheol Han,et al.  Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Electrochemical Properties of Lithium/Sulfur Rechargeable Batteries , 2003 .

[239]  Yayuan Liu,et al.  All-Integrated Bifunctional Separator for Li Dendrite Detection via Novel Solution Synthesis of a Thermostable Polyimide Separator. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[240]  Changhong Wang,et al.  Vulcanization accelerator enabled sulfurized carbon materials for high capacity and high stability of lithium-sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[241]  K. Pinkwart,et al.  Lithium–sulphur batteries – binder free carbon nanotubes electrode examined with various electrolytes , 2012 .

[242]  Jingwei Xiang,et al.  SnO2 as a high-efficiency polysulfide trap in lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[243]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Balancing surface adsorption and diffusion of lithium-polysulfides on nonconductive oxides for lithium–sulfur battery design , 2016, Nature Communications.

[244]  L. Nazar,et al.  Unique behaviour of nonsolvents for polysulphides in lithium–sulphur batteries , 2014 .

[245]  Taeeun Yim,et al.  Effective Polysulfide Rejection by Dipole‐Aligned BaTiO3 Coated Separator in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2016 .

[246]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Hierarchical Vine‐Tree‐Like Carbon Nanotube Architectures: In‐Situ CVD Self‐Assembly and Their Use as Robust Scaffolds for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[247]  D. Aurbach,et al.  Review on Li‐Sulfur Battery Systems: an Integral Perspective , 2015 .

[248]  Yang Li,et al.  Three-Dimensional Sulfur/Graphene Multifunctional Hybrid Sponges for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Large Areal Mass Loading , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[249]  G. Shi,et al.  Graphene materials for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[250]  Feng Wu,et al.  Ionic liquid-based electrolyte with binary lithium salts for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[251]  J. Goodenough.  Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries , 2010 .

[252]  Khalil Amine,et al.  Ultrasound Assisted Design of Sulfur/Carbon Cathodes with Partially Fluorinated Ether Electrolytes for Highly Efficient Li/S Batteries , 2013, Advanced materials.

[253]  Zhian Zhang,et al.  Enhanced rate capability and cycle stability of lithium–sulfur batteries with a bifunctional MCNT@PEG-modified separator , 2015 .

[254]  D. Muller,et al.  Infiltrating sulfur in hierarchical architecture MWCNT@meso C core-shell nanocomposites for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[255]  Xingcheng Xiao,et al.  Graphene‐Based Nanocomposites for Energy Storage , 2016 .

[256]  Yang-Kook Sun,et al.  Electrochemical behavior and passivation of current collectors in lithium-ion batteries , 2011 .

[257]  Sean E. Doris,et al.  Polysulfide-Blocking Microporous Polymer Membrane Tailored for Hybrid Li-Sulfur Flow Batteries. , 2015, Nano letters.

[258]  Jin Ma,et al.  Enhanced cycle performance of lithium-sulfur batteries using a separator modified with a PVDF-C layer. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[259]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Insight into lithium–metal anodes in lithium–sulfur batteries with a fluorinated ether electrolyte , 2015 .

[260]  J. Robertson,et al.  Soluble polysulphide sorption using carbon nanotube forest for enhancing cycle performance in a lithium–sulphur battery , 2015 .

[261]  Jae-Hun Kim,et al.  Metallic anodes for next generation secondary batteries. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[262]  S. Dou,et al.  Ternary Porous Sulfur/Dual-Carbon Architectures for Lithium/Sulfur Batteries Obtained Continuously and on a Large Scale via an Industry-Oriented Spray-Pyrolysis/Sublimation Method. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[263]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Self-healing chemistry enables the stable operation of silicon microparticle anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. , 2013, Nature chemistry.

[264]  Weidong Zhou,et al.  Low‐Cost Higher Loading of a Sulfur Cathode , 2016 .

[265]  Jean Dijon,et al.  Novel positive electrode architecture for rechargeable lithium/sulfur batteries , 2012 .

[266]  Stefan Kaskel,et al.  High capacity micro-mesoporous carbon–sulfur nanocomposite cathodes with enhanced cycling stability prepared by a solvent-free procedure , 2013 .

[267]  Tingzheng Hou,et al.  The formation of strong-couple interactions between nitrogen-doped graphene and sulfur/lithium (poly)sulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[268]  Ling Huang,et al.  Achieving high capacity retention in lithium-sulfur batteries with an aqueous binder , 2016 .

[269]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Implantable Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-Metal Batteries , 2017 .

[270]  Shaogang Wang,et al.  A Graphene–Pure‐Sulfur Sandwich Structure for Ultrafast, Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[271]  J. Choi,et al.  Elemental-Sulfur-Mediated Facile Synthesis of a Covalent Triazine Framework for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[272]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Highly reversible lithium/dissolved polysulfide batteries with carbon nanotube electrodes. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[273]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  A new approach to improve cycle performance of rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries by inserting a free-standing MWCNT interlayer. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[274]  Huamin Zhang,et al.  Lithium Sulfur Primary Battery with Super High Energy Density: Based on the Cauliflower-like Structured C/S Cathode , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[275]  Linda F. Nazar,et al.  Sulfur Speciation in Li–S Batteries Determined by Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy , 2013 .

[276]  Guangbin Ji,et al.  High-rate lithium-sulfur batteries promoted by reduced graphene oxide coating. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[277]  Shaogang Wang,et al.  Rapid communicationA graphene foam electrode with high sulfur loading for flexible and high energy Li-S batteries , 2015 .

[278]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Long-life Li/polysulphide batteries with high sulphur loading enabled by lightweight three-dimensional nitrogen/sulphur-codoped graphene sponge , 2015, Nature Communications.

[279]  Guohua Chen,et al.  Electrostatic shield effect: an effective way to suppress dissolution of polysulfide anions in lithium–sulfur battery , 2014 .

[280]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Enhanced Electrochemical Kinetics on Conductive Polar Mediators for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[281]  Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan,et al.  Solvating additives drive solution-mediated electrochemistry and enhance toroid growth in non-aqueous Li-O₂ batteries. , 2015, Nature chemistry.

[282]  Shuru Chen,et al.  Flexible freestanding sandwich-structured sulfur cathode with superior performance for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[283]  Jing-min Fan,et al.  A novel synergistic composite with multi-functional effects for high-performance Li–S batteries , 2016 .

[284]  Yayuan Liu,et al.  Lithium-coated polymeric matrix as a minimum volume-change and dendrite-free lithium metal anode , 2016, Nature Communications.

[285]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Catalytic self-limited assembly at hard templates: a mesoscale approach to graphene nanoshells for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, ACS nano.

[286]  Myung-Hyun Ryou,et al.  Mechanical Surface Modification of Lithium Metal: Towards Improved Li Metal Anode Performance by Directed Li Plating , 2015 .

[287]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  Nanostructured Metal Oxides and Sulfides for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2017, Advanced materials.

[288]  Hiroshi Nagata,et al.  A lithium sulfur battery with high power density , 2014 .

[289]  Shanqing Zhang,et al.  The dual actions of modified polybenzimidazole in taming the polysulfide shuttle for long-life lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[290]  Shuangyin Wang,et al.  The enhancement of polysulfide absorbsion in LiS batteries by hierarchically porous CoS2/carbon paper interlayer , 2016 .

[291]  A. Manthiram,et al.  An Alternative Approach to Enhance the Performance of High Sulfur-Loading Electrodes for Li–S Batteries , 2016 .

[292]  Preparation and electrochemical characterization of the porous sulfur cathode using a gelatin binder , 2008 .

[293]  Yuriy V. Mikhaylik,et al.  Polysulfide Shuttle Study in the Li/S Battery System , 2004 .

[294]  L. Nazar,et al.  Long-Life and High-Areal-Capacity Li-S Batteries Enabled by a Light-Weight Polar Host with Intrinsic Polysulfide Adsorption. , 2016, ACS nano.

[295]  Yi Cui,et al.  New nanostructured Li2S/silicon rechargeable battery with high specific energy. , 2010, Nano letters.

[296]  Shiguo Zhang,et al.  Promising Cell Configuration for Next-Generation Energy Storage: Li2S/Graphite Battery Enabled by a Solvate Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[297]  Yi‐Chun Lu,et al.  Solvent-Dictated Lithium Sulfur Redox Reactions: An Operando UV-vis Spectroscopic Study. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[298]  G. Yushin,et al.  A Major Constituent of Brown Algae for Use in High-Capacity Li-Ion Batteries , 2011, Science.

[299]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: A review , 2016 .

[300]  Lynden A. Archer,et al.  Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries , 2016, Nature Energy.

[301]  Kevin G. Gallagher,et al.  Critical Link between Materials Chemistry and Cell-Level Design for High Energy Density and Low Cost Lithium-Sulfur Transportation Battery , 2015 .

[302]  Shengbo Zhang,et al.  Pyrite FeS2 as an efficient adsorbent of lithium polysulphide for improved lithium–sulphur batteries , 2016 .

[303]  Ruopian Fang,et al.  Toward More Reliable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: An All-Graphene Cathode Structure. , 2016, ACS nano.

[304]  Jiaqi Huang,et al.  The gap between long lifespan Li-S coin and pouch cells: The importance of lithium metal anode protection , 2017 .

[305]  X. Lou,et al.  Pie-like electrode design for high-energy density lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015, Nature Communications.

[306]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Nano-cellular carbon current collectors with stable cyclability for Li–S batteries , 2013 .

[307]  L. Nazar,et al.  A Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual‐Doped Carbon Derived from Polyrhodanine@Cellulose for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015, Advanced materials.

[308]  Dipan Kundu,et al.  A graphene-like metallic cathode host for long-life and high-loading lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[309]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Janus Separator of Polypropylene‐Supported Cellular Graphene Framework for Sulfur Cathodes with High Utilization in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015, Advanced science.

[310]  Lan Zhou,et al.  Building better lithium-sulfur batteries: from LiNO3 to solid oxide catalyst , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[311]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Li2S5-based ternary-salt electrolyte for robust lithium metal anode , 2016 .

[312]  Zhe Yuan,et al.  Hierarchical Free‐Standing Carbon‐Nanotube Paper Electrodes with Ultrahigh Sulfur‐Loading for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[313]  Henghui Xu,et al.  Hollow cobalt sulfide polyhedra-enabled long-life, high areal-capacity lithium-sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[314]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Dual-Phase Lithium Metal Anode Containing a Polysulfide-Induced Solid Electrolyte Interphase and Nanostructured Graphene Framework for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, ACS nano.

[315]  Amanda P. Siegel,et al.  Organotrisulfide: A High Capacity Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[316]  Xueping Gao,et al.  Enhancement of long stability of sulfur cathode by encapsulating sulfur into micropores of carbon spheres , 2010 .

[317]  K. Yuan,et al.  A Novel TiO2-Wrapped Activated Carbon Fiber/Sulfur Hybrid Cathode for High Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2016 .

[318]  Myung-Hyun Ryou,et al.  Mussel‐Inspired Polydopamine‐Treated Polyethylene Separators for High‐Power Li‐Ion Batteries , 2011, Advanced materials.

[319]  J. Eckert,et al.  Mesoporous Carbon Interlayers with Tailored Pore Volume as Polysulfide Reservoir for High-Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[320]  Yuki Yamada,et al.  Unusual stability of acetonitrile-based superconcentrated electrolytes for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[321]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Hollow carbon nanofiber-encapsulated sulfur cathodes for high specific capacity rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2011, Nano letters.

[322]  M. Xiao,et al.  Foldable and High Sulfur Loading 3D Carbon Electrode for High-performance Li-S Battery Application , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[323]  Guoqiang Ma,et al.  Enhanced cycle performance of a Li–S battery based on a protected lithium anode , 2014 .

[324]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Carbonized Eggshell Membrane as a Natural Polysulfide Reservoir for Highly Reversible Li‐S Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[325]  Zhian Zhang,et al.  Titanium-dioxide-grafted carbon paper with immobilized sulfur as a flexible free-standing cathode for superior lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[326]  K. M. Abraham,et al.  A Lithium/Dissolved Sulfur Battery with an Organic Electrolyte , 1979 .

[327]  Jiulin Wang,et al.  Guar gum as a novel binder for sulfur composite cathodes in rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[328]  Yong‐Sheng Hu,et al.  Concentrated dual-salt electrolytes for improving the cycling stability of lithium metal anodes* , 2016 .

[329]  Chunsheng Wang,et al.  Stabilizing high sulfur loading Li–S batteries by chemisorption of polysulfide on three-dimensional current collector , 2016 .

[330]  Yusheng Yang,et al.  Carbyne polysulfide as a novel cathode material for lithium/sulfur batteries , 2013 .

[331]  Linda F. Nazar,et al.  Advances in lithium–sulfur batteries based on multifunctional cathodes and electrolytes , 2016, Nature Energy.

[332]  Feng Li,et al.  A microporous-mesoporous carbon with graphitic structure for a high-rate stable sulfur cathode in carbonate solvent-based Li-S batteries. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[333]  Xiao Liang,et al.  A highly efficient polysulfide mediator for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015, Nature Communications.

[334]  Chunpeng Yang,et al.  Insight into the effect of boron doping on sulfur/carbon cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[335]  Hee‐Tak Kim,et al.  Rechargeable Lithium Sulfur Battery I. Structural Change of Sulfur Cathode During Discharge and Charge , 2003 .

[336]  Jun Lu,et al.  Effective strategies for stabilizing sulfur for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[337]  Jianming Zheng,et al.  Manipulating surface reactions in lithium–sulphur batteries using hybrid anode structures , 2014, Nature Communications.

[338]  Kai Xie,et al.  Characterization of the solid electrolyte interphase on lithium anode for preventing the shuttle mechanism in lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[339]  Guangmin Zhou,et al.  Fibrous hybrid of graphene and sulfur nanocrystals for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, ACS nano.

[340]  J. Janek,et al.  Free-standing and binder-free highly N-doped carbon/sulfur cathodes with tailorable loading for high-areal-capacity lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[341]  Juchen Guo,et al.  Challenges and current development of sulfur cathode in lithium–sulfur battery , 2016 .

[342]  Huichao Chen,et al.  High efficiency immobilization of sulfur on nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbons for Li-S batteries. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[343]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A hierarchical carbonized paper with controllable thickness as a modulable interlayer system for high performance Li-S batteries. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[344]  Zhaolin Liu,et al.  Key parameters in design of lithium sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[345]  Kishan Dholakia,et al.  The role of LiO2 solubility in O2 reduction in aprotic solvents and its consequences for Li-O2 batteries. , 2014, Nature chemistry.

[346]  Yan‐Bing He,et al.  Chemical Dealloying Derived 3D Porous Current Collector for Li Metal Anodes , 2016, Advanced materials.

[347]  Fang Wang,et al.  PEDOT-PSS coated sulfur/carbon composite on porous carbon papers for high sulfur loading lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[348]  Yongzhu Fu,et al.  A Graphite-Polysulfide Full Cell with DME-Based Electrolyte , 2016 .

[349]  Ya‐Xia Yin,et al.  Scientific and technological challenges toward application of lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[350]  L. Nazar,et al.  In Situ Reactive Assembly of Scalable Core-Shell Sulfur-MnO2 Composite Cathodes. , 2016, ACS nano.

[351]  O. Borodin,et al.  In Situ Formation of Protective Coatings on Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium Batteries with LiFSI‐Based Organic Electrolytes , 2015 .

[352]  Arnab Ghosh,et al.  A Facile Bottom-Up Approach to Construct Hybrid Flexible Cathode Scaffold for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[353]  Ya‐Xia Yin,et al.  Electrochemical (de)lithiation of 1D sulfur chains in Li-S batteries: a model system study. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[354]  Qiang Sun,et al.  Engineering of Hollow Core-Shell Interlinked Carbon Spheres for Highly Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, ACS nano.

[355]  Min-Kyu Song,et al.  A long-life, high-rate lithium/sulfur cell: a multifaceted approach to enhancing cell performance. , 2013, Nano letters.

[356]  Jingwei Xiang,et al.  TiN as a simple and efficient polysulfide immobilizer for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[357]  Xufeng Zhou,et al.  Sulfur/Carbon Nanotube Composite Film as a Flexible Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2013 .

[358]  Linda F. Nazar,et al.  Understanding the Nature of Absorption/Adsorption in Nanoporous Polysulfide Sorbents for the Li–S Battery , 2012 .

[359]  Jiaqi Huang,et al.  Calendering of free-standing electrode for lithium-sulfur batteries with high volumetric energy density , 2017 .

[360]  Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan,et al.  Enhancing electrochemical intermediate solvation through electrolyte anion selection to increase nonaqueous Li–O2 battery capacity , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[361]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Lithium–sulfur batteries with superior cycle stability by employing porous current collectors , 2013 .

[362]  Li-Jun Wan,et al.  Lithium-sulfur batteries: electrochemistry, materials, and prospects. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[363]  M. Armand,et al.  Building better batteries , 2008, Nature.

[364]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Low-cost, porous carbon current collector with high sulfur loading for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[365]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Hydrothermal synthesis of porous phosphorus-doped carbon nanotubes and their use in the oxygen reduction reaction and lithium-sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[366]  Ji‐Guang Zhang,et al.  Li Metal Anodes and Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries. Springer Series in Materials Science , 2017 .

[367]  Qi Li,et al.  Chloride‐Reinforced Carbon Nanofiber Host as Effective Polysulfide Traps in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2016, Advanced science.

[368]  J. Janek,et al.  Tuning Transition Metal Oxide–Sulfur Interactions for Long Life Lithium Sulfur Batteries: The “Goldilocks” Principle , 2016 .

[369]  X. Lou,et al.  Enhancing lithium–sulphur battery performance by strongly binding the discharge products on amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide , 2014, Nature Communications.

[370]  Shizhao Xiong,et al.  On the role of polysulfides for a stable solid electrolyte interphase on the lithium anode cycled in lithium–sulfur batteries , 2013 .

[371]  Shiguo Zhang,et al.  Recent Advances in Electrolytes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[372]  V. Battaglia,et al.  Biomimetic Ant-Nest Electrode Structures for High Sulfur Ratio Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Nano letters.

[373]  Shengbo Zhang,et al.  Improved Cyclability of Liquid Electrolyte Lithium/Sulfur Batteries by Optimizing Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio , 2012 .

[374]  Weidong Zhou,et al.  Amylopectin wrapped graphene oxide/sulfur for improved cyclability of lithium-sulfur battery. , 2013, ACS nano.

[375]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Flexible all-carbon interlinked nanoarchitectures as cathode scaffolds for high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[376]  Kai Xie,et al.  Electrochemical performance of lithium/sulfur batteries using perfluorinated ionomer electrolyte with lithium sulfonyl dicyanomethide functional groups as functional separator , 2013 .

[377]  Syed Ali Abbas,et al.  Bifunctional separator as a polysulfide mediator for highly stable Li–S batteries , 2016 .

[378]  Xinyang Yue,et al.  High rate and stable cycling of lithium-sulfur batteries with carbon fiber cloth interlayer , 2016 .

[379]  M. Engelhard,et al.  Ionic liquid-enhanced solid state electrolyte interface (SEI) for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2013 .

[380]  Michael A. Pope,et al.  Structural Design of Cathodes for Li‐S Batteries , 2015 .

[381]  L. Nazar,et al.  Review—The Importance of Chemical Interactions between Sulfur Host Materials and Lithium Polysulfides for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[382]  Shengbo Zhang.  A review on the separators of liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries , 2007 .

[383]  Dipan Kundu,et al.  Surface-enhanced redox chemistry of polysulphides on a metallic and polar host for lithium-sulphur batteries , 2014, Nature Communications.

[384]  Guangmin Zhou,et al.  Stabilizing sulfur cathodes using nitrogen-doped graphene as a chemical immobilizer for Li S batteries , 2016 .

[385]  Yong‐Sheng Hu,et al.  Novel Large‐Scale Synthesis of a C/S Nanocomposite with Mixed Conducting Networks through a Spray Drying Approach for Li–S Batteries , 2015 .

[386]  Jung Ho Yu,et al.  Two-dimensional layered transition metal disulphides for effective encapsulation of high-capacity lithium sulphide cathodes , 2014, Nature Communications.

[387]  K. Edström,et al.  Why PEO as a binder or polymer coating increases capacity in the Li-S system. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[388]  Jou-Hyeon Ahn,et al.  Improvement of cycle property of sulfur electrode for lithium/sulfur battery , 2008 .

[389]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Robust, Ultra-Tough Flexible Cathodes for High-Energy Li-S Batteries. , 2016, Small.

[390]  J. Janek,et al.  Ionic Liquid-Derived Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathodes with Hierarchical Microstructure—A Step Toward Durable High-Energy and High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[391]  Ya‐Xia Yin,et al.  Wet Chemistry Synthesis of Multidimensional Nanocarbon-Sulfur Hybrid Materials with Ultrahigh Sulfur Loading for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[392]  L. Archer,et al.  Porous hollow carbon@sulfur composites for high-power lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[393]  H. Althues,et al.  Carbon‐Based Anodes for Lithium Sulfur Full Cells with High Cycle Stability , 2014 .

[394]  Guang He,et al.  Tailoring porosity in carbon nanospheres for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. , 2013, ACS nano.

[395]  Zhian Zhang,et al.  Enhanced cyclability of sulfur cathodes in lithium-sulfur batteries with Na-alginate as a binder , 2013 .

[396]  B. Scrosati,et al.  The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage. , 2015, Nature materials.

[397]  Donghai Wang,et al.  Advanced Sulfur Cathode Enabled by Highly Crumpled Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Sheets for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, Nano letters.

[398]  X. Duan,et al.  Three-dimensional graphene framework with ultra-high sulfur content for a robust lithium–sulfur battery , 2016, Nano Research.

[399]  M. Oschatz,et al.  ZnO Hard Templating for Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbons with Tailored Porosity and High Performance in Lithium‐Sulfur Battery , 2015 .

[400]  Zhichuan J. Xu,et al.  Encapsulating MWNTs into Hollow Porous Carbon Nanotubes: A Tube‐in‐Tube Carbon Nanostructure for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[401]  Xingguo Qi,et al.  Impact of Anionic Structure of Lithium Salt on the Cycling Stability of Lithium-Metal Anode in Li-S Batteries , 2016 .

[402]  Jens Tübke,et al.  Development and costs calculation of lithium–sulfur cells with high sulfur load and binder free electrodes , 2013 .

[403]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Aligned carbon nanotube/sulfur composite cathodes with high sulfur content for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[404]  Yi Cui,et al.  Improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries by conductive polymer coating. , 2011, ACS nano.

[405]  Dingshan Yu,et al.  Scalable synthesis of hierarchically structured carbon nanotube–graphene fibres for capacitive energy storage , 2014, Nature Nanotechnology.

[406]  B. Sapoval,et al.  The role of the anions in the growth speed of fractal electrodeposits , 1990 .

[407]  Donghai Wang,et al.  Porous spherical polyacrylonitrile-carbon nanocomposite with high loading of sulfur for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[408]  A. Manthiram,et al.  High-Performance Li-S Batteries with an Ultra-lightweight MWCNT-Coated Separator. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[409]  Feixiang Wu,et al.  A Hierarchical Particle–Shell Architecture for Long‐Term Cycle Stability of Li2S Cathodes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[410]  Xiaogang Han,et al.  Reactivation of dissolved polysulfides in Li–S batteries based on atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 in nanoporous carbon cloth , 2013 .

[411]  M. Oschatz,et al.  Carbon Materials for Lithium Sulfur Batteries-Ten Critical Questions. , 2016, Chemistry.

[412]  Zhe Yuan,et al.  Powering Lithium-Sulfur Battery Performance by Propelling Polysulfide Redox at Sulfiphilic Hosts. , 2016, Nano letters.

[413]  Jung Tae Lee,et al.  Sulfur‐Infiltrated Micro‐ and Mesoporous Silicon Carbide‐Derived Carbon Cathode for High‐Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2013, Advanced materials.

[414]  Zhengcheng Zhang,et al.  Understanding the effect of a fluorinated ether on the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[415]  L. Nazar,et al.  Spherical ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles with high porosity for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[416]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A Carbon-Cotton Cathode with Ultrahigh-Loading Capability for Statically and Dynamically Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS nano.

[417]  Pu Chen,et al.  Binding mechanism of sulfur and dehydrogenated polyacrylonitrile in sulfur/polymer composite cathode , 2013 .

[418]  Markus Klose,et al.  Synergistically Enhanced Polysulfide Chemisorption Using a Flexible Hybrid Separator with N and S Dual-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Coating for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[419]  Jin Ge,et al.  Free-Standing Copper Nanowire Network Current Collector for Improving Lithium Anode Performance. , 2016, Nano letters.

[420]  Jianming Zheng,et al.  How to Obtain Reproducible Results for Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2013 .

[421]  Rui Li,et al.  A graphene wrapped hair-derived carbon/sulfur composite for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[422]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Prospects , 2015, Advanced materials.

[423]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Challenges and prospects of lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[424]  Xingxing Gu,et al.  Reinforced Conductive Confinement of Sulfur for Robust and High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[425]  Hyun-Wook Lee,et al.  A pomegranate-inspired nanoscale design for large-volume-change lithium battery anodes. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[426]  Hai-Bo Lu,et al.  Water-Soluble Polyacrylic Acid as a Binder for Sulfur Cathode in Lithium-Sulfur Battery , 2012 .

[427]  Wei Li,et al.  Controllable synthesis of SnO2@C yolk-shell nanospheres as a high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[428]  Dongping Lu,et al.  Following the transient reactions in lithium-sulfur batteries using an in situ nuclear magnetic resonance technique. , 2015, Nano letters.

[429]  X. Tao,et al.  Enhanced sulfide chemisorption using boron and oxygen dually doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[430]  Guoqiang Ma,et al.  A shuttle effect free lithium sulfur battery based on a hybrid electrolyte. , 2014, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[431]  A. Dolocan,et al.  Breaking Down the Crystallinity: The Path for Advanced Lithium Batteries , 2016 .

[432]  J. Choi,et al.  Poreless Separator and Electrolyte Additive for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Areal Energy Densities , 2015 .

[433]  Tingzheng Hou,et al.  Strongly Coupled Interfaces between a Heterogeneous Carbon Host and a Sulfur‐Containing Guest for Highly Stable Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries: Mechanistic Insight into Capacity Degradation , 2014 .

[434]  F. Alloin,et al.  Investigation of non-woven carbon paper as a current collector for sulfur positive electrode—Understanding of the mechanism and potential applications for Li/S batteries , 2016 .

[435]  Pu Chen,et al.  Electrochemical performance of lithium gel polymer battery with nanostructured sulfur/carbon composite cathode , 2013 .

[436]  Kai Xie,et al.  A 3D nanostructure of graphene interconnected with hollow carbon spheres for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[437]  Jun Liu,et al.  Dendrite-free lithium deposition via self-healing electrostatic shield mechanism. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[438]  L. Nazar,et al.  A Comprehensive Approach toward Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Volumetric Energy Density , 2017 .

[439]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  A facile in situ sulfur deposition route to obtain carbon-wrapped sulfur composite cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries , 2012 .

[440]  J.-N. Chazalviel,et al.  In situ study of dendritic growth inlithium/PEO-salt/lithium cells , 1998 .

[441]  Wei Li,et al.  Rational design of a metal–organic framework host for sulfur storage in fast, long-cycle Li–S batteries , 2014 .

[442]  L. Arava,et al.  Electrocatalytic Polysulfide Traps for Controlling Redox Shuttle Process of Li-S Batteries. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[443]  S. Choudhury,et al.  Fabricating multifunctional nanoparticle membranes by a fast layer-by-layer Langmuir–Blodgett process: application in lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016, 1604.04241.

[444]  Nancy J. Dudney,et al.  Phosphorous Pentasulfide as a Novel Additive for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2013 .

[445]  Shu-Lei Chou,et al.  Small things make a big difference: binder effects on the performance of Li and Na batteries. , 2014, Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP.

[446]  Wu Xu,et al.  Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[447]  Jiulin Wang,et al.  Carbonyl‐β‐Cyclodextrin as a Novel Binder for Sulfur Composite Cathodes in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2013 .

[448]  C. V. Singh,et al.  A Foldable Lithium-Sulfur Battery. , 2015, ACS nano.

[449]  Weidong Zhou,et al.  Polydopamine-coated, nitrogen-doped, hollow carbon-sulfur double-layered core-shell structure for improving lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[450]  Wei Lv,et al.  Towards superior volumetric performance: design and preparation of novel carbon materials for energy storage , 2015 .

[451]  B. Wei,et al.  Advanced engineering of nanostructured carbons for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[452]  H. Dai,et al.  Graphene-wrapped sulfur particles as a rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery cathode material with high capacity and cycling stability. , 2011, Nano letters.

[453]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Electrochemically Stable Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with a Microporous Carbon Nanofiber Filter for Polysulfide , 2015 .

[454]  Xiulin Fan,et al.  Carbon cage encapsulating nano-cluster Li2S by ionic liquid polymerization and pyrolysis for high performance Li–S batteries , 2015 .

[455]  Weidong He,et al.  Three-Dimensional CNT/Graphene–Li2S Aerogel as Freestanding Cathode for High-Performance Li–S Batteries , 2016 .

[456]  Xiaogang Han,et al.  Next-Generation Lithium Metal Anode Engineering via Atomic Layer Deposition. , 2015, ACS nano.

[457]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Mesoporous Titanium Nitride‐Enabled Highly Stable Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[458]  Xiaoling Zhang,et al.  A multi-core-shell structured composite cathode material with a conductive polymer network for Li-S batteries. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[459]  Xiao-Guang Sun,et al.  Lithium-sulfur batteries based on nitrogen-doped carbon and an ionic-liquid electrolyte. , 2012, ChemSusChem.

[460]  G. Yushin,et al.  High-performance lithium-ion anodes using a hierarchical bottom-up approach. , 2010, Nature materials.

[461]  Chengwei Wang,et al.  Synergistic Ultrathin Functional Polymer-Coated Carbon Nanotube Interlayer for High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[462]  Renjie Chen,et al.  Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Enabled by a Bio‐Inspired Polysulfide Adsorptive Brush , 2016 .

[463]  Haoshen Zhou,et al.  Metal–organic framework-based separator for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016, Nature Energy.

[464]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Conductive Nanostructured Scaffolds Render Low Local Current Density to Inhibit Lithium Dendrite Growth , 2016, Advanced materials.

[465]  Jun Lu,et al.  An effective approach to protect lithium anode and improve cycle performance for Li-S batteries. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[466]  M. Winter,et al.  Coated Lithium Powder (CLiP) Electrodes for Lithium‐Metal Batteries , 2014 .

[467]  Zhan Lin,et al.  Lithium polysulfidophosphates: a family of lithium-conducting sulfur-rich compounds for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[468]  Linda F. Nazar,et al.  Current density dependence of peroxide formation in the Li–O2 battery and its effect on charge , 2013 .

[469]  J. Gerbec,et al.  Sulfur-functionalized mesoporous carbons as sulfur hosts in Li-S batteries: increasing the affinity of polysulfide intermediates to enhance performance. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[470]  Yuyan Shao,et al.  Restricting the Solubility of Polysulfides in Li‐S Batteries Via Electrolyte Salt Selection , 2016 .

[471]  Xueping Gao,et al.  Protected lithium anode with porous Al2O3 layer for lithium–sulfur battery , 2015 .

[472]  Jeffrey Read,et al.  A new direction for the performance improvement of rechargeable lithium/sulfur batteries , 2012 .

[473]  Xiaojuan Jin,et al.  Preparation of N-doped activated carbons for electric double-layer capacitors from waste fiberboard by K2CO3 activation , 2014 .

[474]  Yi Cui,et al.  Improved lithium–sulfur batteries with a conductive coating on the separator to prevent the accumulation of inactive S-related species at the cathode–separator interface , 2014 .

[475]  Ruopian Fang,et al.  A trilayer separator with dual function for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[476]  H. Gasteiger,et al.  Probing the Lithium−Sulfur Redox Reactions: A Rotating-Ring Disk Electrode Study , 2014 .

[477]  Byung Gon Kim,et al.  A Lithium‐Sulfur Battery with a High Areal Energy Density , 2014 .

[478]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Encapsulating sulfur into hierarchically ordered porous carbon as a high-performance cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, Chemistry.

[479]  A. Manthiram,et al.  High-Energy-Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Based on Blade-Cast Pure Sulfur Electrodes , 2016 .

[480]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  CaO‐Templated Growth of Hierarchical Porous Graphene for High‐Power Lithium–Sulfur Battery Applications , 2016 .

[481]  J. Eckert,et al.  Improved cycling stability of lithium–sulfur batteries using a polypropylene-supported nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon hybrid separator as polysulfide adsorbent , 2016 .

[482]  Feng Li,et al.  3D Graphene‐Foam–Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide Hybrid Nested Hierarchical Networks for High‐Performance Li–S Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[483]  G. Stucky,et al.  Spatially heterogeneous carbon-fiber papers as surface dendrite-free current collectors for lithium deposition , 2012 .

[484]  X. Sun,et al.  Understanding and recent development of carbon coating on LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries , 2012 .

[485]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Hybrid Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Solid Electrolyte Membrane and Lithium Polysulfide Catholyte. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[486]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Effective Stabilization of a High-Loading Sulfur Cathode and a Lithium-Metal Anode in Li-S Batteries Utilizing SWCNT-Modulated Separators. , 2016, Small.

[487]  Yi Cui,et al.  Strong sulfur binding with conducting Magnéli-phase Ti(n)O2(n-1) nanomaterials for improving lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[488]  Zhenxing Feng,et al.  Development of a γ-polyglutamic acid binder for cathodes with high mass fraction of sulfur , 2016 .

[489]  Shaofei Wang,et al.  Understanding the Redox Obstacles in High Sulfur-Loading Li-S Batteries and Design of an Advanced Gel Cathode. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[490]  J. Goodenough,et al.  Cellulose-Based Porous Membrane for Suppressing Li Dendrite Formation in Lithium–Sulfur Battery , 2016 .

[491]  Jinghua Guo,et al.  High-rate, ultralong cycle-life lithium/sulfur batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped graphene. , 2014, Nano letters.

[492]  Feng Li,et al.  Carbon materials for Li–S batteries: Functional evolution and performance improvement , 2016 .

[493]  Jiaqi Huang,et al.  The road for nanomaterials industry: a review of carbon nanotube production, post-treatment, and bulk applications for composites and energy storage. , 2013, Small.

[494]  Sen Xin,et al.  Covalently Connected Carbon Nanostructures for Current Collectors in Both the Cathode and Anode of Li–S Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[495]  J. Warzywoda,et al.  Gel based sulfur cathodes with a high sulfur content and large mass loading for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[496]  Yuyan Shao,et al.  High performance Li-ion sulfur batteries enabled by intercalation chemistry. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[497]  Jianning Ding,et al.  A novel device structure for a low-cost Li–S battery , 2017 .

[498]  Weimin Kang,et al.  A review on separators for lithiumsulfur battery: Progress and prospects , 2016 .

[499]  M. Winter,et al.  Fluoroethylene Carbonate as Electrolyte Additive in Tetraethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Based Electrolytes for Application in Lithium Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries , 2015 .

[500]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  On the Surface Chemical Aspects of Very High Energy Density, Rechargeable Li–Sulfur Batteries , 2009 .

[501]  Lin Lu,et al.  Sulfur-graphene composite for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2011 .

[502]  Jie Liu,et al.  Significantly improved long-cycle stability in high-rate Li-S batteries enabled by coaxial graphene wrapping over sulfur-coated carbon nanofibers. , 2013, Nano letters.

[503]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Dendrite‐Free Lithium Deposition Induced by Uniformly Distributed Lithium Ions for Efficient Lithium Metal Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[504]  J. Tu,et al.  Li2S@C composite incorporated into 3D reduced graphene oxide as a cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[505]  Huisheng Peng,et al.  A revolution in electrodes: recent progress in rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, Small.

[506]  Jian Jiang,et al.  Encapsulation of sulfur with thin-layered nickel-based hydroxides for long-cyclic lithium–sulfur cells , 2015, Nature Communications.

[507]  Hierarchical nanostructured composite cathode with carbon nanotubes as conductive scaffold for lithium-sulfur batteries , 2013 .

[508]  Jiulin Wang,et al.  Novel dual-salts electrolyte solution for dendrite-free lithium-metal based rechargeable batteries with high cycle reversibility , 2014 .

[509]  Shuru Chen,et al.  Mesoporous carbon-carbon nanotube-sulfur composite microspheres for high-areal-capacity lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[510]  J. Choi,et al.  Hierarchical porous carbon by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis yields stable cycling in lithium-sulfur battery. , 2014, Nano letters.

[511]  C. Liang,et al.  Hierarchically Structured Sulfur/Carbon Nanocomposite Material for High-Energy Lithium Battery , 2009 .

[512]  Rui Zhang,et al.  A Review of Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Lithium Metal Anode , 2015, Advanced science.

[513]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  3D Carbonaceous Current Collectors: The Origin of Enhanced Cycling Stability for High‐Sulfur‐Loading Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2016 .

[514]  Guoqiang Ma,et al.  Enhanced cycle performance of Li-S battery with a polypyrrole functional interlayer , 2014 .

[515]  Yun Qiao,et al.  In situ synthesis of flexible elastic N-doped carbon foam as a carbon current collector and interlayer for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[516]  Kenville E. Hendrickson,et al.  Hybrid cathode architectures for lithium batteries based on TiS2 and sulfur , 2015 .

[517]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Enhanced electrochemical performance of sulfur cathodes with a water-soluble binder , 2015 .

[518]  Michael J. Hoffmann,et al.  Studies on preventing Li dendrite formation in Li–S batteries by using pre-lithiated Si microwire anodes , 2014 .

[519]  Yi Cui,et al.  Promises and challenges of nanomaterials for lithium-based rechargeable batteries , 2016, Nature Energy.

[520]  Guoqiang Ma,et al.  A lithium anode protection guided highly-stable lithium-sulfur battery. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[521]  Wook Ki Jung,et al.  Encapsulated Monoclinic Sulfur for Stable Cycling of Li–S Rechargeable Batteries , 2013, Advanced materials.

[522]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities , 2016 .

[523]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Lithium–sulphur batteries with a microporous carbon paper as a bifunctional interlayer , 2012, Nature Communications.

[524]  Bicheng Huang,et al.  Modified Separator Using Thin Carbon Layer Obtained from Its Cathode for Advanced Lithium Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[525]  Yi Cui,et al.  A Sulfur Cathode with Pomegranate‐Like Cluster Structure , 2015 .

[526]  Haizhu Sun,et al.  The Effective Design of a Polysulfide-Trapped Separator at the Molecular Level for High Energy Density Li-S Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[527]  Xinping Qiu,et al.  Improvement of cycle property of sulfur-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite cathode for lithium/sulfur batteries , 2009 .

[528]  Yan Yu,et al.  A flexible S1−xSex@porous carbon nanofibers (x≤0.1) thin film with high performance for Li-S batteries and room-temperature Na-S batteries , 2016 .

[529]  Jitong Wang,et al.  Kinetically-enhanced polysulfide redox reactions by Nb2O5 nanocrystals for high-rate lithium–sulfur battery , 2016 .

[530]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Chemical reviews.

[531]  Xiangyang Zhou,et al.  Core@shell sulfur@polypyrrole nanoparticles sandwiched in graphene sheets as cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[532]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  Sulfur‐Impregnated Activated Carbon Fiber Cloth as a Binder‐Free Cathode for Rechargeable Li‐S Batteries , 2011, Advanced materials.

[533]  O. Borodin,et al.  High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode , 2015, Nature Communications.

[534]  Shaoming Huang,et al.  A Lightweight TiO2/Graphene Interlayer, Applied as a Highly Effective Polysulfide Absorbent for Fast, Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015, Advanced materials.

[535]  Yusheng Yang,et al.  Multidimensional Polycation β-Cyclodextrin Polymer as an Effective Aqueous Binder for High Sulfur Loading Cathode in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[536]  H. Byon,et al.  In Situ Synthesis of Bipyramidal Sulfur with 3D Carbon Nanotube Framework for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[537]  Xingguo Qi,et al.  Improved Cycling Stability of Lithium‐Metal Anode with Concentrated Electrolytes Based on Lithium (Fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide , 2016 .

[538]  A. Yu,et al.  Structural and chemical synergistic encapsulation of polysulfides enables ultralong-life lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[539]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Interconnected carbon nanotube/graphene nanosphere scaffolds as free-standing paper electrode for high-rate and ultra-stable lithium-sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[540]  Ya‐Xia Yin,et al.  Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotubes Forest/Carbon Cloth as an Efficient Electrode for Lithium-Polysulfide Batteries. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[541]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Li2S‐Carbon Sandwiched Electrodes with Superior Performance for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[542]  Feng Wu,et al.  Systematic Effect for an Ultralong Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Battery. , 2015, Nano letters.

[543]  G. R. Li,et al.  A LiFSI-LiTFSI binary-salt electrolyte to achieve high capacity and cycle stability for a Li-S battery. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[544]  Jung-Soo Lee,et al.  Recent Advances in Lithium Sulfide Cathode Materials and Their Use in Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[545]  Yunhui Huang,et al.  Novel double-cathode configuration to improve the cycling stability of lithium–sulfur battery , 2015 .

[546]  Shaoming Huang,et al.  A lightweight multifunctional interlayer of sulfur–nitrogen dual-doped graphene for ultrafast, long-life lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[547]  Wei Lu,et al.  Ultrafine Sulfur Nanoparticles in Conducting Polymer Shell as Cathode Materials for High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Batteries , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[548]  Ke Li,et al.  Advanced Separators for Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Review of Recent Progress. , 2016, ChemSusChem.

[549]  Z. Wen,et al.  A nano-structured and highly ordered polypyrrole-sulfur cathode for lithiumsulfur batteries , 2011 .