Photophysical and Photoconductive Properties of Novel Organic Semiconductors

Optical, fluorescent, and photoconductive properties of novel functionalized anthradithiophene (ADT), pentacene, and dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (DCDHF) derivatives are presented. Fast charge carrier photogeneration and high photoconductive gains were observed in solution-deposited films. By creating mixtures of various derivatives, different charge carrier dynamics could be achieved at ps-μs time-scales after 100-fs pulsed photoexcitation. In most derivatives, high fluorescent quantum yields (QYs) of 70-85% were observed in solutions. In fluorinated ADT films, QYs were at least 40-50% at room temperature and decreased by a factor of 3-5 as the temperature increased from 20 °C to 80 °C.

[1]  R. Dillon,et al.  Electronic energy migration on different time scales: concentration dependence of the time-resolved anisotropy and fluorescence quenching of Lumogen Red in poly(methyl methacrylate). , 2010, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[2]  J. Rault‐Berthelot,et al.  Synthesis and properties of a blue bipolar indenofluorene emitter based on a D-π-A design. , 2011, Organic letters.

[3]  Wei Lin Leong,et al.  Solution-processed small-molecule solar cells with 6.7% efficiency. , 2011, Nature materials.

[4]  Yang Zhao,et al.  Vibrationally resolved absorption and emission spectra of rubrene multichromophores: temperature and aggregation effects. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[5]  W E Moerner,et al.  Organic photorefractives: mechanisms, materials, and applications. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[6]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Bandlike transport in pentacene and functionalized pentacene thin films revealed by subpicosecond transient photoconductivity measurements , 2005 .

[7]  K. Walzer,et al.  Highly efficient organic devices based on electrically doped transport layers. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[8]  J. Michaelis,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of orientational and spectral dynamics of single molecules in nanostructured host-guest materials. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[9]  John E. Anthony,et al.  High mobility solution processed 6,13-bis(triisopropyl-silylethynyl) pentacene organic thin film transistors , 2007 .

[10]  Tracey M. Clarke,et al.  Energy versus electron transfer in organic solar cells: a comparison of the photophysics of two indenofluorene: fullerene blend films , 2011 .

[11]  R. Averitt,et al.  Morphology effectively controls singlet-triplet exciton relaxation and charge transport in organic semiconductors. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[12]  Richard H. Friend,et al.  Barrier‐Free Electron–Hole Capture in Polymer Blend Heterojunction Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2003 .

[13]  C. Denz,et al.  Innovative Sensitizer DiPBI Outperforms PCBM , 2012, Advanced materials.

[14]  Alán Aspuru-Guzik,et al.  From computational discovery to experimental characterization of a high hole mobility organic crystal , 2011, Nature communications.

[15]  J. Anthony,et al.  Picosecond transient photoconductivity in functionalized pentacene molecular crystals probed by terahertz pulse spectroscopy. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[16]  Thomas Strobel,et al.  Role of the Charge Transfer State in Organic Donor–Acceptor Solar Cells , 2010, Advanced materials.

[17]  Kristin L. Wustholz,et al.  Applications of single-molecule microscopy to problems in dyed composite materials , 2008 .

[18]  Do Hwan Kim,et al.  High-Performance Stable n-Type Indenofluorenedione Field-Effect Transistors , 2011 .

[19]  J. Melinger,et al.  Photophysical properties of dioxolane-substituted pentacene derivatives dispersed in tris(quinolin-8-olato)aluminum(III). , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[20]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Organic Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistors of a Soluble Anthradithiophene , 2008 .

[21]  Z. Kafafi,et al.  Organic photovoltaic cells with high open circuit voltages based on pentacene derivatives , 2008 .

[22]  D. Ginger,et al.  Characterizing Morphology in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Systems , 2010 .

[23]  Howard E. Katz,et al.  Thin-Film Organic Electronic Devices , 2009 .

[24]  R. Eichberger,et al.  Morphology effects on charge generation and recombination dynamics at ZnPc:C60 bulk hetero-junctions using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy , 2011 .

[25]  John E. Anthony,et al.  High-mobility spin-cast organic thin film transistors , 2008 .

[26]  V. Bulović,et al.  Quantum dot/J-aggregate blended films for light harvesting and energy transfer. , 2010, Nano letters.

[27]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Organic semiconductor composites: influence of additives on the transient photocurrent , 2009 .

[28]  Andrew J. Moad,et al.  Controlling the Microstructure of Solution-Processable Small Molecules in Thin-Film Transistors through Substrate Chemistry , 2011 .

[29]  L. Zakharov,et al.  Indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes: fully conjugated antiaromatic analogues of acenes. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[30]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Functionalized Pentacene Active Layer Organic Thin‐Film Transistors , 2003 .

[31]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Optical and electronic properties of functionalized pentacene and anthradithiophene derivatives , 2009, Organic Photonics + Electronics.

[32]  Jenny Clark,et al.  Determining exciton bandwidth and film microstructure in polythiophene films using linear absorption spectroscopy , 2009, 0903.1670.

[33]  Christoph J. Brabec,et al.  Design Rules for Donors in Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells—Towards 10 % Energy‐Conversion Efficiency , 2006 .

[34]  John E Anthony,et al.  The larger acenes: versatile organic semiconductors. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[35]  I. Kaur,et al.  Design, synthesis, and characterization of a persistent nonacene derivative. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  J. Hofkens,et al.  Visualizing spatial and temporal heterogeneity of single molecule rotational diffusion in a glassy polymer by defocused wide-field imaging , 2006 .

[37]  Jean Roncali,et al.  Molecular bulk heterojunctions: an emerging approach to organic solar cells. , 2009, Accounts of chemical research.

[38]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Influence of organic semiconductor-metal interfaces on the photoresponse of functionalized anthradithiophene thin films , 2009 .

[39]  Tracey M. Clarke,et al.  Charge photogeneration in organic solar cells. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[40]  H. Hörhold,et al.  Photovoltaic properties and exciplex emission of polyphenylenevinylene-based blend solar cells , 2007 .

[41]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Formation of the Donor–Acceptor Charge-Transfer Exciton and Its Contribution to Charge Photogeneration and Recombination in Small-Molecule Bulk Heterojunctions , 2012 .

[42]  D. Graf,et al.  Persistent photoexcited conducting states in functionalized pentacene , 2004 .

[43]  F. Gallego-Gómez,et al.  Phthalocyanines as Efficient Sensitizers in Low-Tg Hole-Conducting Photorefractive Polymer Composites , 2009 .

[44]  A. Salleo,et al.  Effect of Acene Length on Electronic Properties in 5‐, 6‐, and 7‐Ringed Heteroacenes , 2011, Advanced materials.

[45]  Thuc-Quyen Nguyen,et al.  Small Molecule Solution-Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells† , 2011 .

[46]  Liantuan Xiao,et al.  Single molecules reorientation reveals the dynamics of polymer glasses surface. , 2010, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[47]  David Hofer,et al.  Aggregate formation and its effect on (opto)electronic properties of guest-host organic semiconductors , 2010 .

[48]  A. A. Villaeys,et al.  Exciton dynamics in pentacene thin films studied by pump-probe spectroscopy , 1995 .

[49]  S. R. Forrest,et al.  High-efficiency fluorescent organic light-emitting devices using a phosphorescent sensitizer , 2000, Nature.

[50]  Yunlong Guo,et al.  Experimental techniques for the fabrication and characterization of organic thin films for field-effect transistors. , 2011, Chemical reviews.

[51]  M. Han,et al.  Highly light-responsive ink-jet printed 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene phototransistors with suspended top-contact structure , 2010 .

[52]  P. Blanche,et al.  An updatable holographic three-dimensional display , 2008, Nature.

[53]  Zakya H. Kafafi,et al.  Highly efficient molecular organic light-emitting diodes based on exciplex emission , 2003 .

[54]  Igor Pugliesi,et al.  Ultrafast singlet and triplet dynamics in microcrystalline pentacene films , 2009 .

[55]  Robert M. Dickson,et al.  Imaging Three-Dimensional Single Molecule Orientations , 1999 .

[56]  J. Anthony.  Small-Molecule, Nonfullerene Acceptors for Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics† , 2011 .

[57]  R. Al‐Kaysi,et al.  The photophysical properties of chromophores at high (100 mM and above) concentrations in polymers and as neat solids. , 2006, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[58]  David Beljonne,et al.  Electronic Processes at Organic−Organic Interfaces: Insight from Modeling and Implications for Opto-electronic Devices† , 2011 .

[59]  Daniel Moses,et al.  Mechanism of carrier photogeneration and carrier transport in molecular crystal tetracene. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[60]  A. Jen,et al.  Charge carrier dynamics in metalated polymers investigated by optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy. , 2009, Journal of Physical Chemistry B.

[61]  G. Malliaras,et al.  Efficient solution-processed photovoltaic cells based on an anthradithiophene/fullerene blend. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[62]  Wi Hyoung Lee,et al.  Control of the Morphology and Structural Development of Solution‐Processed Functionalized Acenes for High‐Performance Organic Transistors , 2009 .

[63]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Soluble n-type pentacene derivatives as novel acceptors for organic solar cells , 2009 .

[64]  D. Wiącek,et al.  Structural dynamics of 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene crystals revealed by fluorescence of single terrylene molecules , 2006 .

[65]  A. Arias,et al.  Materials and applications for large area electronics: solution-based approaches. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[66]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Contact-induced crystallinity for high-performance soluble acene-based transistors and circuits. , 2008, Nature materials.

[67]  David Hofer,et al.  Effect of intermolecular interactions on charge and exciplex formation in high-performance organic semiconductors , 2011, OPTO.

[68]  S. Parkin,et al.  Synthesis and stability of soluble hexacenes. , 2010, Organic letters.

[69]  Moses,et al.  Carrier photogeneration and mobility in polydiacetylene: Fast transient photoconductivity. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[70]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Photoconductivity in organic thin films: From picoseconds to seconds after excitation , 2008 .

[71]  Allen G. Oliver,et al.  Structure and compatibility of a magnesium electrolyte with a sulphur cathode , 2011, Nature communications.

[72]  W. P. Ambrose,et al.  Detection and spectroscopy of single pentacene molecules in a p‐terphenyl crystal by means of fluorescence excitation , 1991 .

[73]  Christopher R. Swartz,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of electron-deficient pentacenes. , 2005, Organic letters.

[74]  M. Orrit,et al.  Intermolecular intersystem crossing in single-molecule spectroscopy: Terrylene in anthracene crystal. , 2006, The Journal of chemical physics.

[75]  Klaus Meerholz,et al.  Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications , 2011 .

[76]  Q. Gong,et al.  Blue-light-emitting organic electroluminescence via exciplex emission based on a fluorene derivative , 2004 .

[77]  Adam J. Moulé,et al.  J-Aggregate Behavior in Poly-3-hexylthiophene Nanofibers , 2012 .

[78]  J. Brédas,et al.  Molecular understanding of organic solar cells: the challenges. , 2009, Accounts of chemical research.

[79]  J. Knoester.  Nonlinear optical line shapes of disordered molecular aggregates: Motional narrowing and the effect of intersite correlations , 1993 .

[80]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Offset energies at organic semiconductor heterojunctions and their influence on the open-circuit voltage of thin-film solar cells , 2007 .

[81]  R. Abellon,et al.  Temperature‐Resolved Local and Macroscopic Charge Carrier Transport in Thin P3HT Layers , 2010 .

[82]  G. Malliaras,et al.  Two-step exciton dissociation in poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene heterojunctions , 2008 .

[83]  Yun‐Hi Kim,et al.  H‐Aggregation Strategy in the Design of Molecular Semiconductors for Highly Reliable Organic Thin Film Transistors , 2011 .

[84]  B. Hecht,et al.  Three-dimensional optical polarization tomography of single molecules , 2003 .

[85]  Frank A. Hegmann,et al.  Bulk photoconductive gain in pentacene thin films , 2008 .

[86]  Jenny Clark,et al.  Determining exciton coherence from the photoluminescence spectral line shape in poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films. , 2009, The Journal of chemical physics.

[87]  M. Orrit,et al.  Towards nanoprobes for conduction in molecular crystals: Dibenzoterrylene in anthracene crystals , 2005 .

[88]  W. E. Moerner,et al.  A Dozen Years of Single-Molecule Spectroscopy in Physics, Chemistry, and Biophysics , 2002 .

[89]  R. Könenkamp,et al.  CARRIER MOBILITIES AND INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN IN C60 FILMS , 1999 .

[90]  Lukas Novotny,et al.  Single-molecule orientations determined by direct emission pattern imaging , 2004 .

[91]  M. Koeberg,et al.  On the mechanism of charge transport in pentacene. , 2008, The Journal of chemical physics.

[92]  Alessandro Troisi,et al.  Charge-transport regime of crystalline organic semiconductors: diffusion limited by thermal off-diagonal electronic disorder. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[93]  O. Ostroverkhova,et al.  Anisotropy of transient photoconductivity in functionalized pentacene single crystals , 2006 .

[94]  J. Godlewski,et al.  Photoenhanced current in thin organic layers , 2001 .

[95]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Optical, photoluminescent, and photoconductive properties of functionalized anthradithiophene and benzothiophene derivatives , 2010, OPTO.

[96]  M. Woodhouse,et al.  Molecular semiconductors in organic photovoltaic cells. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[97]  M. Wasielewski,et al.  Competition between singlet fission and charge separation in solution-processed blend films of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene with sterically-encumbered perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide)s. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[98]  Charles A Schmuttenmaer,et al.  Exploring dynamics in the far-infrared with terahertz spectroscopy. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[99]  Jianbo Gao,et al.  Synthesis and electronic properties of conjugated pentacene dimers. , 2008, Organic letters.

[100]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Energy Transfer and Exciplex Formation and Their Impact on Exciton and Charge Carrier Dynamics in Organic Films , 2011 .

[101]  M. Halik,et al.  Interface engineering in high-performance low-voltage organic thin-film transistors based on 2,7-dialkyl-[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophenes. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[102]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Optical, Fluorescent, and (Photo)conductive Properties of High-Performance Functionalized Pentacene and Anthradithiophene Derivatives , 2009 .

[103]  Lee,et al.  Persistent photoconductivity in poly(p-phenylenevinylene): Spectral response and slow relaxation. , 1993, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[104]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Temperature dependence of exciton and charge carrier dynamics in organic thin films , 2011 .

[105]  C. B. Nielsen,et al.  A Systematic Approach to the Design Optimization of Light‐Absorbing Indenofluorene Polymers for Organic Photovoltaics , 2012 .

[106]  Nicholas J. Wright,et al.  The effects of orientational and energetic disorder on Forster energy migration along a one-dimensional lattice , 2007 .

[107]  David G Lidzey,et al.  Temperature dependence of the upper-branch polariton population in an organic semiconductor microcavity , 2011 .

[108]  Volker Schmidt,et al.  The effect of three-dimensional morphology on the efficiency of hybrid polymer solar cells. , 2009, Nature materials.

[109]  John E. Anthony,et al.  The influence of side chains on the structures and properties of functionalized pentacenes , 2008 .

[110]  Jenny Clark,et al.  Molecular-weight dependence of interchain polaron delocalization and exciton bandwidth in high-mobility conjugated polymers , 2006 .

[111]  A. Troisi,et al.  Transition from dynamic to static disorder in one-dimensional organic semiconductors. , 2009, The Journal of chemical physics.

[112]  J. Fréchet,et al.  Organic semiconducting oligomers for use in thin film transistors. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[113]  M. Summers,et al.  Using Resonance Energy Transfer to Improve Exciton Harvesting in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Photovoltaic Cells , 2005 .

[114]  M. Wienk,et al.  Description of the Morphology Dependent Charge Transport and Performance of Polymer:Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells , 2011 .

[115]  Phillips,et al.  Subnanosecond transient photoconductivity in poly(3-hexylthiophene). , 1990, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[116]  F. Spano.  The spectral signatures of Frenkel polarons in H- and J-aggregates. , 2010, Accounts of chemical research.

[117]  K. Leo,et al.  In situ differential reflectance spectroscopy of thin crystalline films of PTCDA on different substrates , 2005 .

[118]  Christopher A Werley,et al.  Single-molecule nanoprobes explore defects in spin-grown crystals. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[119]  Yang Yang,et al.  Tandem polymer solar cells featuring a spectrally matched low-bandgap polymer , 2012, Nature Photonics.

[120]  W E Moerner,et al.  Nonlinear optical chromophores as nanoscale emitters for single-molecule spectroscopy. , 2005, Accounts of chemical research.

[121]  A. Facchetti,et al.  Air-stable, solution-processable n-channel and ambipolar semiconductors for thin-film transistors based on the indenofluorenebis(dicyanovinylene) core. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[122]  Alberto Salleo,et al.  Microstructural Characterization and Charge Transport in Thin Films of Conjugated Polymers , 2010, Advanced materials.

[123]  Itaru Osaka,et al.  Thienoacene‐Based Organic Semiconductors , 2011, Advanced materials.

[124]  H. Bettinger,et al.  Synthesis, stability, and photochemistry of pentacene, hexacene, and heptacene: a matrix isolation study. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[125]  Robert M Dickson,et al.  Three-dimensional single molecule rotational diffusion in glassy state polymer films. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[126]  N. Kopidakis,et al.  Photovoltaic charge generation in organic semiconductors based on long-range energy transfer. , 2010, ACS nano.

[127]  M. Orrit,et al.  Single molecules detect ultra-slow oscillators in a molecular crystal excited by ac voltages , 2009 .

[128]  F. Spano.  Absorption and emission in oligo-phenylene vinylene nanoaggregates: The role of disorder and structural defects , 2002 .

[129]  W E Moerner,et al.  Photophysical properties of acene DCDHF fluorophores: long-wavelength single-molecule emitters designed for cellular imaging. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[130]  H. Bettinger,et al.  Photogeneration of octacene and nonacene. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[131]  G. Malliaras,et al.  Isomerically pure electron-deficient anthradithiophenes and their acceptor performance in polymer solar cells. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[132]  Sankar Subramanian,et al.  Chromophore fluorination enhances crystallization and stability of soluble anthradithiophene semiconductors. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[133]  J. Nelson,et al.  Long-lived exciplex formation and delayed exciton emission in bulk heterojunction blends of silole derivative and polyfluorene copolymer: the role of morphology on exciplex formation and charge separation. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[134]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Effects of polymorphism on charge transport in organic semiconductors , 2009 .

[135]  James G. Grote,et al.  Enhanced emission efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes using deoxyribonucleic acid complex as an electron blocking layer , 2006 .

[136]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Photovoltaics from soluble small molecules , 2007 .

[137]  Jean-Luc Brédas,et al.  Charge transport in organic semiconductors. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[138]  John E. Anthony,et al.  A survey of electron-deficient pentacenes as acceptors in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells , 2011 .

[139]  Klaus Meerholz,et al.  Influence of the sensitizer reduction potential on the sensitivity of photorefractive polymer composites , 2010 .

[140]  Z. Bao,et al.  Correlating carrier type with frontier molecular orbital energy levels in organic thin film transistors of functionalized acene derivatives. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[141]  M. J. Kendrick,et al.  Synthesis and charge transport studies of stable, soluble hexacenes. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[142]  Y. Kim,et al.  Ultrafast photo-conductivity in BAMH-PPV polymer thin-films , 2006 .

[143]  J. Lupton,et al.  Enhancing long-range exciton guiding in molecular nanowires by H-aggregation lifetime engineering. , 2011, Nano letters.

[144]  Zhigang Shuai,et al.  Evaluation of Charge Mobility in Organic Materials: From Localized to Delocalized Descriptions at a First‐Principles Level , 2011, Advanced materials.

[145]  Martin Dressel,et al.  Optical properties of pentacene thin films and single crystals , 2006 .

[146]  Neil C. Greenham,et al.  A microscopic model for the behavior of nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices , 2007 .

[147]  Pierre Gibart,et al.  PHOTOCONDUCTOR GAIN MECHANISMS IN GAN ULTRAVIOLET DETECTORS , 1997 .

[148]  J A Rogers,et al.  Intrinsic charge transport on the surface of organic semiconductors. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[149]  T. Jackson,et al.  Thin-film morphology and transistor performance of alkyl-substituted triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophenes , 2009 .

[150]  Xiaoniu Yang,et al.  Nanoscale morphology of high-performance polymer solar cells. , 2005, Nano letters.

[151]  W. E. Moerner,et al.  Novel fluorophores for single-molecule imaging. , 2003 .

[152]  M Bonn,et al.  Efficiency of exciton and charge carrier photogeneration in a semiconducting polymer. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[153]  P. Blanche,et al.  Holographic three-dimensional telepresence using large-area photorefractive polymer , 2010, Nature.

[154]  Antonio Facchetti,et al.  n-Channel semiconductor materials design for organic complementary circuits. , 2011, Accounts of chemical research.

[155]  Z. Soos,et al.  Dilution and cluster contributions to hopping transport in a bias field , 2002 .

[156]  M. Ozaki,et al.  Photoconductivity in polyacetylene , 1981 .

[157]  Michael E. Gershenson,et al.  Ultrafast carrier dynamics in pentacene, functionalized pentacene, tetracene, and rubrene single crystals , 2006 .

[158]  S. Hayase,et al.  Photophysics of H- and J-Aggregates of Indole-Based Squaraines in Solid State , 2012 .

[159]  W E Moerner,et al.  New directions in single-molecule imaging and analysis , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[160]  Choongik Kim,et al.  Novel soluble pentacene and anthradithiophene derivatives for organic thin-film transistors , 2010 .

[161]  Dieter Meissner,et al.  Nanoscale Morphology of Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene‐Based Bulk‐ Heterojunction Solar Cells , 2004 .

[162]  P. Cunningham,et al.  Carrier Dynamics Resulting from Above and Below Gap Excitation of P3HT and P3HT/ PCBM Investigated by Optical-Pump Terahertz-Probe Spectroscopy , 2008 .

[163]  Peter Bäuerle,et al.  Small molecule organic semiconductors on the move: promises for future solar energy technology. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[164]  David L Eaton,et al.  A road map to stable, soluble, easily crystallized pentacene derivatives. , 2002, Organic letters.

[165]  Marta Mas-Torrent,et al.  Role of molecular order and solid-state structure in organic field-effect transistors. , 2011, Chemical reviews.

[166]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Electronic interactions and thermal disorder in molecular crystals containing cofacial pentacene units , 2005 .

[167]  Youngmee Kim,et al.  Highly Photosensitive J‐Aggregated Single‐Crystalline Organic Transistors , 2011, Advanced materials.

[168]  J. Rogers,et al.  Elastomeric Transistor Stamps: Reversible Probing of Charge Transport in Organic Crystals , 2004, Science.

[169]  M. Bendikov,et al.  Heptacene and beyond: the longest characterized acenes. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[170]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Optical and transient photoconductive properties of pentacene and functionalized pentacene thin films: Dependence on film morphology , 2005 .

[171]  Jef Poortmans,et al.  Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications , 2006 .

[172]  John E. Anthony,et al.  Highly Crystalline Soluble Acene Crystal Arrays for Organic Transistors: Mechanism of Crystal Growth During Dip‐Coating , 2012 .

[173]  H. Matsui,et al.  Inkjet printing of single-crystal films , 2011, Nature.

[174]  Gang Li,et al.  For the Bright Future—Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency of 7.4% , 2010, Advanced materials.

[175]  John E Anthony,et al.  Functionalized acenes and heteroacenes for organic electronics. , 2006, Chemical reviews.

[176]  M. Kemerink,et al.  Morphological device model for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. , 2009, Nano letters.

[177]  Takeo Kawase,et al.  Very high-mobility organic single-crystal transistors with in-crystal conduction channels , 2007 .

[178]  C. Hofmann,et al.  Spin-coated polyethylene films probed by single molecules. , 2006, Journal of Physical Chemistry B.

[179]  Guglielmo Lanzani,et al.  Pump‐Probe Spectroscopy in Organic Semiconductors: Monitoring Fundamental Processes of Relevance in Optoelectronics , 2011, Advanced materials.

[180]  F. Spano,et al.  Modeling disorder in polymer aggregates: the optical spectroscopy of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films. , 2005, The Journal of chemical physics.

[181]  D. L. Smith,et al.  Ultrafast conductivity dynamics in pentacene probed using terahertz spectroscopy , 2004 .

[182]  L. B. Schein,et al.  The charge carrier mobility’s activation energies and pre-factor dependence on dopant concentration in molecularly doped polymers , 2009 .

[183]  S. Meskers,et al.  Exciplex dynamics in a blend of π-conjugated polymers with electron donating and accepting properties : MDMO-PPV and PCNEPV , 2005 .

[184]  J. Fourkas,et al.  Rapid determination of the three-dimensional orientation of single molecules. , 2001, Optics letters.

[185]  Single-molecule microscopy studies of electric-field poling in chromophore-polymer composite materials. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[186]  R. Norwood,et al.  All-optical dynamic correction of distorted communication signals using a photorefractive polymeric hologram , 2005 .

[187]  Seth R. Marder,et al.  n‐Type Organic Semiconductors in Organic Electronics , 2010, Advanced materials.

[188]  Carlos Silva,et al.  Exciton regeneration at polymeric semiconductor heterojunctions. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[189]  L. Zakharov,et al.  Electron-accepting 6,12-diethynylindeno[1,2-b]fluorenes: synthesis, crystal structures, and photophysical properties. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[190]  Ifor D. W. Samuel,et al.  Organic semiconductor lasers. , 2007 .

[191]  Daniel Moses,et al.  Photoconductivity of a Low‐Bandgap Conjugated Polymer , 2007 .

[192]  Martin Baumgarten,et al.  Dithieno[2,3‐d;2′,3′‐d′]benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene (DTBDT) as Semiconductor for High‐Performance, Solution‐Processed Organic Field‐Effect Transistors , 2009 .

[193]  W. Moerner,et al.  Experimental and theoretical investigations of environmentally sensitive single-molecule fluorophores , 2004, InternationalQuantum Electronics Conference, 2004. (IQEC)..

[194]  F. Krebs,et al.  Direct observation of sub-100 fs mobile charge generation in a polymer-fullerene film. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[195]  Klaus Müllen,et al.  Pyrene-based materials for organic electronics. , 2011, Chemical reviews.