Prospective memory in early and established psychosis: An Indian perspective.

Individuals affected by psychosis often have deficits in several neurocognitive functions. Prospective memory (PM), the ability to remember to do things, is crucial for activities of daily living, social and occupational functioning, but very few studies have attempted to examine this domain of functioning in people with psychosis, particularly in India. A total of 71 patients with psychosis, (both early and established psychosis), and 140 age, gender and education-matched healthy controls were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. PM was assessed using the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Group differences were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-tests. Significantly greater cognitive deficits, higher anxiety and depression were evident in the psychosis group compared with controls. The psychosis group performed significantly poorer on both time- and event-based tests in CAMPROMPT than controls. These differences remained when controlling for age, education, general cognitive functioning and mood. The subjective measure of PM (PRMQ) did not differentiate the two groups. The PM performance of early and established psychosis patients was similar. Comparisons with cross-cultural data (PRMQ UK norms and CAMPROMPT and PRMQ Chinese data) revealed important differences in PM performance. Individuals with psychosis have significant deficits in both time- and event-based PM. CAMPROMPT emerged as a more sensitive PM measure compared with PRMQ. Results from cross-cultural comparisons underscore the need for cultural contextualization of assessments.

[1]  Jing-ping Zhao,et al.  The Association Between Cognitive Deficits and Clinical Characteristic in First-Episode Drug Naïve Patients With Schizophrenia , 2021, Frontiers in Psychiatry.

[2]  Seung-Hwan Lee,et al.  Self-Awareness of Psychopathology and Brain Volume in Patients With First Episode Psychosis , 2019, Front. Psychiatry.

[3]  R. Kahn.  On the Specificity of Continuous Cognitive Decline in Schizophrenia. , 2019, The American journal of psychiatry.

[4]  Jun Li,et al.  Prospective memory in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of comparative studies , 2019, Schizophrenia Research.

[5]  Peter B. Jones,et al.  Cognitive Change in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses in the Decade Following the First Episode. , 2019, The American journal of psychiatry.

[6]  Joseph R. Pauszek,et al.  Anxious, but not depressive, symptoms are associated with poorer prospective memory performance in healthy college students: Preliminary evidence using the tripartite model of anxiety and depression , 2019, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[7]  B. Ganesan,et al.  Validation of the virtual-reality prospective memory test (Hong Kong Chinese version) for individuals with first-episode schizophrenia , 2018, Neuropsychological rehabilitation.

[8]  C. Twomey,et al.  The association of ‘self-monitoring’ with depression in help-seeking Facebook users , 2018, The International journal of social psychiatry.

[9]  Subhash Das,et al.  Prevalence of mental disorders in Punjab: Findings from National Mental Health Survey , 2018, Indian journal of psychiatry.

[10]  W. Tang,et al.  Prospective Memory Performance in Persons With Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Healthy Persons , 2017, Perspectives in psychiatric care.

[11]  Chuan-Yue Wang,et al.  Longitudinal changes in prospective memory and their clinical correlates at 1-year follow-up in first-episode schizophrenia , 2017, PloS one.

[12]  M. Birchwood,et al.  Depression and Schizophrenia: Cause, Consequence, or Trans-diagnostic Issue? , 2016, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[13]  Nina R. Arnold,et al.  Is prospective memory related to depression and anxiety? A hierarchical MPT modelling approach , 2015, Memory.

[14]  R. Chan,et al.  Forming implementation intentions improves prospective memory in early psychosis , 2015, Psychiatry Research.

[15]  Derek K. Jones,et al.  Exploring neural dysfunction in 'clinical high risk' for psychosis: a quantitative review of fMRI studies. , 2015, Journal of psychiatric research.

[16]  E. Bramon,et al.  Sensory gating deficits in the attenuated psychosis syndrome , 2015, Schizophrenia Research.

[17]  I. Bigdeli,et al.  Prospective Memory Impairments in Schizophrenic Patients , 2014, Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences.

[18]  R. Murray,et al.  Meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in ultra-high risk to psychosis and first-episode psychosis: do the cognitive deficits progress over, or after, the onset of psychosis? , 2014, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[19]  J. Leza,et al.  Basal low antioxidant capacity correlates with cognitive deficits in early onset psychosis. A 2-year follow-up study , 2014, Schizophrenia Research.

[20]  Jacqueline E Maye,et al.  Prospective memory in schizophrenia: relationship to medication management skills, neurocognition, and symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. , 2014, Neuropsychology.

[21]  C. Frith,et al.  Social cognition and neurocognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenia , 2014, Schizophrenia Research.

[22]  A. Vita,et al.  Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia: Current Status and Future Perspectives , 2013, Schizophrenia research and treatment.

[23]  J. O. Johannessen,et al.  Ten year neurocognitive trajectories in first-episode psychosis , 2013, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[24]  P. Rao,et al.  Caregivers Burden of Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Sectional Study , 2013, Indian journal of psychological medicine.

[25]  John R. Hodges,et al.  Validation of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease , 2013, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders.

[26]  H. Verdoux,et al.  [Characteristics and impact of metacognitive deficits in schizophrenia]. , 2013, L'Encephale.

[27]  Hannah R. Snyder.  Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. , 2013, Psychological bulletin.

[28]  E. Chen,et al.  Impacts of duration of untreated psychosis on cognition and negative symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia: a 3-year prospective follow-up study , 2012, Psychological Medicine.

[29]  R. Chan,et al.  Patients with bipolar disorders share similar but attenuated prospective memory impairments with patients with schizophrenia , 2012, Psychological Medicine.

[30]  F. Dickerson,et al.  Characteristics and clinical correlates of prospective memory performance in first-episode schizophrenia , 2012, Schizophrenia Research.

[31]  M. Kliegel,et al.  Positive effects of subclinical depression in prospective memory and ongoing tasks in young and old adults , 2012, Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition.

[32]  F. Fan,et al.  Dysfunction in different phases of working memory in schizophrenia: Evidence from ERP recordings , 2011, Schizophrenia Research.

[33]  Q. Gong,et al.  Prospective memory in patients with first-onset schizophrenia and their non-psychotic siblings , 2011, Neuropsychologia.

[34]  B. Desgranges,et al.  Distinct and shared cognitive functions mediate event- and time-based prospective memory impairment in normal ageing , 2011, Memory.

[35]  C. Caltagirone,et al.  Keeping memory for intentions: a cTBS investigation of the frontopolar cortex. , 2011, Cerebral cortex.

[36]  J. Hicks,et al.  Ongoing task delays affect prospective memory more powerfully than filler task delays. , 2011, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[37]  B. Uttl,et al.  Self-report measures of prospective memory are reliable but not valid. , 2011, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[38]  S. Woods,et al.  The role of prospective memory in medication adherence: a review of an emerging literature , 2011, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[39]  R. Hashimoto,et al.  Working memory abnormalities in chronic interictal epileptic psychosis and schizophrenia revealed by magnetoencephalography , 2010, Epilepsy & Behavior.

[40]  Q. Gong,et al.  Meta-analysis of prospective memory in schizophrenia: Nature, extent, and correlates , 2009, Schizophrenia Research.

[41]  T. Robbins,et al.  Dissociation of long-term verbal memory and fronto-executive impairment in first-episode psychosis , 2009, Psychological Medicine.

[42]  S. Raskin.  Memory for Intentions Screening Test: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Evidence , 2009, Brain Impairment.

[43]  J. Henry,et al.  Prospective memory in schizophrenia: The impact of varying retrospective-memory load , 2008, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[44]  W. Tang,et al.  Prospective memory and its correlates and predictors in schizophrenia: an extension of previous findings. , 2008, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[45]  Q. Gong,et al.  Objective measures of prospective memory do not correlate with subjective complaints in schizophrenia , 2008, Schizophrenia Research.

[46]  T. Toulopoulou,et al.  Assessment of executive functions: review of instruments and identification of critical issues. , 2008, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[47]  Chi-Hua Chen,et al.  Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[48]  J. Fleming,et al.  Reliability and normative data for the Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory (CAPM) , 2007, Neuropsychological rehabilitation.

[49]  J. Henry,et al.  Prospective memory in schizophrenia: Primary or secondary impairment? , 2007, Schizophrenia Research.

[50]  Anna Agranovich,et al.  Do Russian and American normal adults perform similarly on neuropsychological tests? Preliminary findings on the relationship between culture and test performance. , 2007, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[51]  M. Schölvinck,et al.  Differential components of prospective memory? Evidence from fMRI , 2006, Neuropsychologia.

[52]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia , 2006, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[53]  John R Hodges,et al.  The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE‐R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening , 2006, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[54]  Tyrone D. Cannon,et al.  Neurocognitive performance and functional disability in the psychosis prodrome , 2006, Schizophrenia Research.

[55]  Haque S. Nizamie,et al.  Event-based Prospective Memory in Schizophrenia , 2005, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[56]  M. McDaniel,et al.  Multiple processes in prospective memory retrieval: factors determining monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval. , 2005, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[57]  S. Silverstein,et al.  At issue: The future of cognitive rehabilitation of schizophrenia. , 2004, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[58]  David Shum,et al.  Performance of schizophrenia patients on time-, event-, and activity-based prospective memory tasks. , 2004, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[59]  J. Kwon,et al.  Neuropsychological correlates of P300 abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and obsessive–compulsive disorder , 2003, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging.

[60]  John Crawford,et al.  The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample , 2003, Memory.

[61]  Daniel Senkowski,et al.  Frontal and Temporal Dysfunction of Auditory Stimulus Processing in Schizophrenia , 2002, NeuroImage.

[62]  N. Roper.  Sixty-five years of nursing: selected recollections. , 2002, British journal of nursing.

[63]  P. Schlattmann,et al.  Reduced Event-Related Current Density in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Schizophrenia , 2001, NeuroImage.

[64]  R. Logie,et al.  Prospective and retrospective memory in normal ageing and dementia: A questionnaire study , 2000, Memory.

[65]  R. Coppola,et al.  Schizophrenia: reduced signal-to-noise ratio and impaired phase-locking during information processing , 2000, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[66]  Stephan Heckers,et al.  Schizophrenia and cognitive function , 2000, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[67]  Jane S. Paulsen,et al.  Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of first-episode patients. , 1999, Archives of general psychiatry.

[68]  S. Rude,et al.  Depression-related Impairments in Prospective Memory , 1999 .

[69]  A. Ardila.  Directions of research in cross-cultural neuropsychology. , 1995, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[70]  P. Bebbington.  The content and context of compliance , 1995, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[71]  R. Hannon,et al.  Effects of brain injury and age on prospective memory self-rating and performance. , 1995 .

[72]  O. Almeida,et al.  The Assessment of Insight in Psychosis , 1992, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[73]  J M Gorman,et al.  Awareness of illness in schizophrenia. , 1991, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[74]  Mark A. McDaniel,et al.  Normal aging and prospective memory. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[75]  R. Snaith,et al.  The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale , 2003, Health and quality of life outcomes.

[76]  S. Kay,et al.  The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. , 1987, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[77]  A. Korten,et al.  Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures: A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders , 1986, Psychological Medicine.