Technical and Economic Assessments of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems. Volume 1. Executive summary. Final report, September 1978-May 1985

Results show that it is technically feasible to use the four types of batteries (ZnCl/sub 2/, Na/sub 2/S, ZnBr/sub 2/ and Pb/acid) as load-leveling energy storage devices. In terms of short circuit impact, stability and reliability, no adverse problems were uncovered. Economic benefits of using batteries for load-leveling are marginal. Preliminary assessment of possible cost reductions in battery cost estimates show that batteries can be economical for some load-leveling applications. The relationship of battery breakeven cost vs battery system cost projections that some types of battery systems would be economical for peaking duty, compared with combustion turbines (CT's). Since one of the battery systems studied had the lowest estimated installed cost and the highest breakeven cost, it would justify up to a 3% penetration. Initial estimates indicate that several battery systems are clearly not competitive with CT's, or only competitive at low penetration levels. Battery breakeven costs decline with increasing battery penetration. However, this trend is in step with the reduced unit costs which will hopefully be achieved with maturing production processes, as battery penetration increases on the utility system. Results of further cost analysis suggests a strong potential for cost reduction for the battery and balance of plant. Potentialmore » for cost reduction is estimated at about 25%. To accomplish further cost reductions, additional efforts should focus on continued engineering development of the battery in terms of electrode and module size and the balance of plant.« less