On-Orbit Degradation of Solar Instruments

We present the lessons learned about the degradation observed in several space solar missions, based on contributions at the Workshop about On-Orbit Degradation of Solar and Space Weather Instruments that took place at the Solar Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (Royal Observatory of Belgium) in Brussels on 3 May 2012. The aim of this workshop was to open discussions related to the degradation observed in Sun-observing instruments exposed to the effects of the space environment. This article summarizes the various lessons learned and offers recommendations to reduce or correct expected degradation with the goal of increasing the useful lifespan of future and ongoing space missions.

Abdanour Irbah | Mustapha Meftah | B. Giordanengo | B. Nicula | S. Gissot | D. Walton | Steven Dewitte | Donald L. Woodraska | V. Andretta | Gérard Thuillier | Marie Dominique | Sabri Mekaoui | Thomas N. Woods | Francis G. Eparvier | Phillip C. Chamberlin | Christopher J. Eyles | Jean-Philippe Halain | Donald R. McMullin | Seth Wieman | Darrell L. Judge | Leonid V. Didkovsky | Daniel B. Seaton | Andrew R. Jones | Frédéric Auchère | D. Gillotay | David Bolsée | David Berghmans | Gregory J. Ucker | A. BenMoussa | I. E. Dammasch | Thomas Foujols | Udo Schühle | Matthieu Kretzschmar | I. Dammasch | S. Dewitte | G. Thuillier | W. Schmutz | F. Auchère | C. Eyles | T. Woods | M. Meftah | S. Mekaoui | B. Nicula | T. Foujols | D. Gillotay | D. S. Brown | P. Chamberlin | F. Eparvier | D. Walton | D. Berghmans | U. Schühle | A. Benmoussa | L. Bradley | B. Giordanengo | S. Gissot | J. Halain | D. Seaton | A. Irbah | G. Zanna | V. Andretta | L. Didkovsky | D. Judge | D. Bewsher | D. McMullin | A. Jones | M. Kretzschmar | W. Schmutz | Gaël Cessateur | P. Chamberlin | D. Woodraska | R. Hock | S. Wieman | G. Del Zanna | G. Cessateur | D. Bolsée | Danielle Bewsher | L Bradley | R. Hock | Christian D. Jeppesen | D. Judge | M. Dominique | C. Jeppesen | G. Ucker | G. Thuillier | T. Foujols | P. C. Chamberlin | C. J. Eyles | G. Cessateur | D. Bewsher | D. Bolsée | L. V. Didkovsky | G. Ucker | S. Wieman | Matthieu Kretzschmar | S. Dewitte | Daniel Stephen Brown | A. BenMoussa | Andrew R. Jones

[1]  F. Auchère,et al.  The SWAP EUV Imaging Telescope Part I: Instrument Overview and Pre-Flight Testing , 2012, 1208.4631.

[2]  Claus Fröhlich,et al.  Total Solar Irradiance Observations , 2012, Surveys in Geophysics.

[3]  Jörg Feikes,et al.  Operation of the Metrology Light Source as a primary radiation source standard , 2008 .

[4]  E. R. Breeveld,et al.  The laboratory calibration of the SOHO Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer , 2000 .

[5]  M. Barbera,et al.  The X-Ray Telescope (XRT) for the Hinode Mission , 2007 .

[6]  Jean-François Hochedez,et al.  Pre-Flight Calibration of LYRA, the Solar VUV Radiometer on board PROBA2 , 2009 .

[7]  P. Lamy,et al.  Photometric calibration of the LASCO-C2 coronagraph for Solar System objects , 2006 .

[8]  Frank Scholze,et al.  Recent developments of wide-bandgap semiconductor based UV sensors , 2009 .

[9]  M. C. E. Huber,et al.  Intercalibration of SUMER and CDS on SOHO. II. SUMER A and B detectors and CDS NIS , 2001 .

[10]  E. Landi,et al.  Solar EUV spectroscopic observations with SOHO/CDS I. An in-flight calibration study , 2001 .

[11]  F. G. Eparvier,et al.  Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO): Overview of Science Objectives, Instrument Design, Data Products, and Model Developments , 2010 .

[12]  Richard C. Willson,et al.  VIRGO: Experiment for helioseismology and solar irradiance monitoring , 1995 .

[13]  D. Loranz,et al.  GAIN CALIBRATING NONUNIFORM IMAGE-ARRAY DATA USING ONLY THE IMAGE DATA , 1991 .

[14]  Donald L. Woodraska,et al.  Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) Multiple EUV Grating Spectrographs (MEGS): Radiometric Calibrations and Results , 2012 .

[15]  Bruce M. Swinyard,et al.  Determination of the Photometric Calibration and Large-Scale Flatfield of the STEREO Heliospheric Imagers: I. HI-1 , 2010 .

[16]  N. Fox,et al.  Investigation of high-temperature black body BB3200 , 1998 .

[17]  Gerhard Ulm,et al.  Ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet detector-based radiometry at the Metrology Light Source , 2010 .

[18]  A. Pickles.  A Stellar Spectral Flux Library: 1150–25000 Å , 1998 .

[19]  J. Romero,et al.  Space degradation of SOVA sunphotometers on EURECA , 1995 .

[20]  L. R. Canfield,et al.  First Solar EUV Irradiances Obtained from SOHO by the Celias/Sem , 1998 .

[21]  Jean-François Hochedez,et al.  LYRA, a solar UV radiometer on Proba2 , 2006 .

[22]  William T. Thompson.  Differential scrubbing in a microchannel-plate intensified CCD detector , 2000 .

[23]  T. Woods,et al.  The Extreme-Ultraviolet Solar Irradiance Spectrum Observed with the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) on SOHO , 2000 .

[24]  G. Kopp,et al.  A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance , 2011 .

[25]  Nigel P. Fox,et al.  Fourth World Radiometric Reference to SI radiometric scale comparison and implications for on-orbit measurements of the total solar irradiance , 2012 .

[26]  Steven Dewitte,et al.  Total solar irradiance observations from DIARAD/VIRGO , 2004 .

[27]  C. Fröhlich.  Long-term behaviour of space radiometers , 2003 .

[28]  A. M. James,et al.  The EUV Imaging Spectrometer for Hinode , 2007 .

[29]  C. Van Hoof,et al.  AlGaN-on-Si-Based 10-$\mu\hbox{m}$ Pixel-to-Pixel Pitch Hybrid Imagers for the EUV Range , 2011, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[30]  M. Giampapa,et al.  Sun-as-a-Star Spectrum Variations 1974-2006 , 2006, astro-ph/0612554.

[31]  P. Lemaire,et al.  Radiometric Calibration Tracking of the Vacuum-Ultraviolet Spectrometer SUMER During the First Year of the SOHO Mission. , 1998, Applied optics.

[32]  P. Rochus,et al.  The SWAP EUV Imaging Telescope. Part II: In-flight Performance and Calibration , 2012, 1210.3551.

[33]  Udo H. Schuehle,et al.  Cleanliness and calibration stability of UV instruments on SOHO , 2003, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[34]  Steven Dewitte,et al.  Metrology of total solar irradiance monitoring , 1999 .

[35]  Steven Dewitte,et al.  Total solar irradiance absolute level from DIARAD/SOVIM on the International Space Station , 2010 .

[36]  Penny J Johnes,et al.  AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts , 2013 .

[37]  C. J. Wolfson,et al.  Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) , 2008 .

[38]  Mustapha Meftah,et al.  The space instrument SODISM and the ground instrument SODISM II , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[39]  F. Scholze,et al.  Diamond detectors for LYRA, the solar VUV radiometer on board PROBA2 , 2006 .

[40]  G. Thuillier,et al.  SOLAR/SOLSPEC: Scientific Objectives, Instrument Performance and Its Absolute Calibration Using a Blackbody as Primary Standard Source , 2009 .

[41]  B. Brown.  Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers , 1975 .

[42]  S. Solanki,et al.  Dependence of UV radiance of the quiet Sun on the solar cycle , 2003 .

[43]  William T. Thompson,et al.  UV detectors aboard SOHO , 1999, Optics & Photonics.

[44]  T. Woods,et al.  The EUV spectrum of the Sun: long-term variations in the SOHO CDS NIS spectral responsivities , 2010 .

[45]  G. Zanna,et al.  The EUV spectrum of the Sun: SOHO CDS NIS irradiances from 1998 until 2010 , 2011 .

[46]  A. Pauluhn,et al.  The Radiometric Calibration of SOHO , 2002 .

[47]  J. Davila,et al.  UNDERFLIGHT CALIBRATION OF SOHO/CDS AND HINODE/EIS WITH EUNIS-07 , 2011, 1109.6598.

[48]  J. Davies,et al.  The Heliospheric Imagers Onboard the STEREO Mission , 2009 .

[49]  F. Eparvier,et al.  Cross-Calibration of TIMED SEE and SOHO EIT Irradiances , 2007 .

[50]  Jeff Stanley Morrill,et al.  Photometric Calibration of the Lasco-C3 Coronagraph Using Stars , 2006 .

[51]  S. Kahn,et al.  UV and X-Ray Spectroscopy of Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas , 2004 .

[52]  C. Eyles,et al.  Long-Term Evolution of the Photometric Calibration of the STEREO Heliospheric Imagers: I. HI-1 , 2012 .

[53]  W. Paustian,et al.  Radiometric calibration of the telescope and ultraviolet spectrometer SUMER on SOHO. , 1996, Applied optics.

[54]  Huguette Lacoste,et al.  SOHO-17. 10 Years of SOHO and Beyond , 2006 .

[55]  W. Neupert,et al.  EIT: Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope for the SOHO mission , 1995 .

[56]  Stephen L. Keil,et al.  Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics , 2003 .

[57]  Donald M. Hassler,et al.  SUMER - Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation , 1995 .

[58]  Seth Wieman,et al.  EUV SpectroPhotometer (ESP) in Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE): Algorithms and Calibrations , 2009, 0911.0722.

[59]  Nigel P. Fox,et al.  The PREMOS/PICARD instrument calibration , 2009 .

[60]  B. Jurcevich,et al.  The Solar Optical Telescope for the Hinode Mission: An Overview , 2007, 0711.1715.

[61]  J. L. Culhane,et al.  The Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer for the solar and heliospheric observatory , 1995 .

[62]  Jean-François Hochedez,et al.  In-orbit diagnostics of EIT EUV CCD radiation-induced aging , 1997, Optics & Photonics.

[63]  Jean-Marc Defise,et al.  CMOS-APS Detectors for Solar Physics: Lessons Learned during the SWAP Preflight Calibration , 2008 .

[64]  B. Au,et al.  Eit Observations of the Extreme Ultraviolet Sun , 1997 .