Evidence-based guidelines for pressure ulcer management at the end of life.

It is important to develop an individualised plan of care for people at the end of life to prevent pressure ulcers, and to treat them if they do occur. This article discusses patient and risk assessment, prevention and care for pressure ulcers for the palliative care patient and the recommendations given in the palliative care section of the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Clinical Practice Guideline (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance, 2014).

[1]  S. S. Zanei,et al.  Pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit: the relationship between nursing workload, illness severity and pressure ulcer risk. , 2013, Journal of clinical nursing.

[2]  Jane Nixon,et al.  Patient risk factors for pressure ulcer development: systematic review. , 2013, International journal of nursing studies.

[3]  Susan M. Logan,et al.  Incontinence-associated dermatitis: consensus statements, evidence-based guidelines for prevention and treatment, and current challenges. , 2012, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[4]  Ann N. Tescher,et al.  All At-Risk Patients Are Not Created Equal: Analysis of Braden Pressure Ulcer Risk Scores to Identify Specific Risks , 2012, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[5]  B. Gajewski,et al.  Outcome and Assessment Information Set Data That Predict Pressure Ulcer Development in Older Adult Home Health Patients , 2011, Advances in skin & wound care.

[6]  Myra Nenna Pressure Ulcers at End of Life: An Overview for Home Care and Hospice Clinicians , 2011, Home healthcare nurse.

[7]  T. Gomes,et al.  Health status utilities and the impact of pressure ulcers in long-term care residents in Ontario , 2009, Quality of Life Research.

[8]  D. De Bacquer,et al.  The identification of older nursing home residents vulnerable for deterioration of grade 1 pressure ulcers. , 2009, Journal of clinical nursing.

[9]  Elvy Ickowicz Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons , 2009, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[10]  B. Taşdelen,et al.  Incidence of pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients at risk according to the Waterlow scale and factors influencing the development of pressure ulcers. , 2008, Journal of clinical nursing.

[11]  J. Kayser-Jones,et al.  Pressure ulcers among terminally ill nursing home residents. , 2008, Research in gerontological nursing.

[12]  B. Bates-Jensen,et al.  Quality Indicators for the Care of Pressure Ulcers in Vulnerable Elders , 2007, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[13]  H. Sanada,et al.  A Prospective Cohort Study of Lower-Extremity Pressure Ulcer Risk Among Bedfast Older Adults , 2006, Advances in skin & wound care.

[14]  D. Langemo,et al.  Skin Fails Too: Acute, Chronic, and End-Stage Skin Failure , 2006, Advances in skin & wound care.

[15]  D. Langemo When the Goal Is Palliative Care , 2006, Advances in skin & wound care.

[16]  M. Gray,et al.  Do topical analgesics reduce pain associated with wound dressing changes or debridement of chronic wounds? , 2005, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[17]  Tom Defloor,et al.  Pressure ulcers: validation of two risk assessment scales. , 2005, Journal of clinical nursing.

[18]  Mats Fredrikson,et al.  Immobility--a major risk factor for development of pressure ulcers among adult hospitalized patients: a prospective study. , 2004, Scandinavian journal of caring sciences.

[19]  D. Moore,et al.  Cleansing without compromise: the impact of cleansers on the skin barrier and the technology of mild cleansing , 2004, Dermatologic therapy.

[20]  J. Chaplin,et al.  Pressure sore risk assessment in palliative care. , 2000, Journal of tissue viability.

[21]  D. Langemo,et al.  Evaluation of pressure ulcer prevalence rates for hospice patients post-implementation of pressure ulcer protocols , 1994, The American journal of hospice & palliative care.

[22]  F. De Conno,et al.  Skin problems in advanced and terminal cancer patients. , 1991, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.