Underground Wireless Sensor Network Communication Using Electromagnetic Waves Resonates at 2.5 GHz

A co mprehensive study of electromagnetic waves underground propagation for a wireless sensor network is introduced in this paper. A mathemat ical model for path loss due to attenuation of electro magnetic waves propagating in different types of soil is given. Reflection fro m the air-soil interface as a function of distance between sensors and soil depth is also introduced. Three different types of soil, sandy, loamy and magnetite soil are studied. A high gain antenna is required to overcome the high value of path loss. A printed microstrip circular antenna is very common antenna used for underground wireless communication applications. A high gain microstrip circular antenna is designed and simulated using FEKO software. The antenna performance parameters studied in this paper are return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, input impedance and gain.

[1]  E.P. Stuntebeck,et al.  Wireless underground sensor networks using commodity terrestrial motes , 2006, 2006 2nd IEEE Workshop on Wireless Mesh Networks.

[2]  N. K. Choudhary,et al.  Modeling and Designing of Circular Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication , 2009, 2009 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology.

[3]  Fawwaz T. Ulaby,et al.  Dielectric properties of soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz range , 1995, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[4]  Ahmed E. Kamal,et al.  Development of a Wireless Soil Sensor Network , 2008 .

[5]  A. A. Sulaiman,et al.  Design of a circular microstrip antenna , 2008, 2008 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference.

[6]  K.A. Michalski,et al.  Electromagnetic wave theory , 1987, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[7]  D. Cheng.  Field and wave electromagnetics , 1983 .

[8]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  A Mode-Based Approach for Channel Modeling in Underground Tunnels under the Impact of Vehicular Traffic Flow , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[9]  Anton Kruger,et al.  RF communications in underwater wireless sensor networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology.

[10]  Johannes Tiusanen,et al.  Attenuation of a Soil Scout Radio Signal , 2005 .

[11]  Jui-Han Lu,et al.  Bandwidth enhancement design of single-layer slotted circular microstrip antennas , 2003 .

[12]  Alexander S. Szalay,et al.  Life Under Your Feet: A Wireless Soil Ecology Sensor Network , 2008 .

[13]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless underground sensor networks: Research challenges , 2006, Ad Hoc Networks.

[14]  J. Tiusanen.  Wireless Soil Scout prototype radio signal reception compared to the attenuation model , 2009, Precision Agriculture.

[15]  D. P. Franzmeier,et al.  Use of Saran Resin to Coat Natural Soil Clods for Bulk-Density and Water-Retention Measurements , 1966 .

[16]  A. Tisdall.  Comparison of methods of determining apparent density of soils , 1951 .

[17]  Johannes Tiusanen.  Validation and results of the Soil Scout radio signal attenuation model , 2007 .

[18]  Wenyu Liu,et al.  Wave propagation communication models for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE 12th International Conference on Communication Technology.

[19]  Jan M. H. Hendrickx,et al.  Effects of soil physical properties on GPR for landmine detection , 2002 .

[20]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Signal propagation techniques for wireless underground communication networks , 2009, Phys. Commun..

[21]  Xianhui Che,et al.  A Static Multi-hop Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Using  RF Electromagnetic Communications , 2009, 2009 29th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops.

[22]  Jeen-Sheen Row,et al.  Design of an annular-ring microstrip antenna for circular polarization , 2004, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004..

[23]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[24]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  On capacity of magnetic induction-based wireless underground sensor networks , 2012, 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[25]  Gordon L. Stüber.  Principles of mobile communication , 1996 .

[26]  A. Hippel,et al.  Dielectric Materials and Applications , 1995 .

[27]  P. Birkeland,et al.  Soils and Geomorphology , 1984 .