Effect of C/N Ratio Levels and Stocking Density of Catla Spawn (Gibelion catla) on Water Quality, Growth Performance, and Biofloc Nutritional Composition in an Indoor Biofloc System

A 20-day 3 ∗ 3 factorial experiment was conducted in 100 L HDPE experimental tanks to investigate the effect of the C/N ratio (10, 15, and 20) and stocking density (3, 4, and 5 spawn L−1) on Gibelion catla spawn nursery rearing in the indoor biofloc system. Rice bran was used as the carbon source for manipulating C/N ratios. Each treatment was stocked with catla spawn of average length (6.7 ± 0.4 mm) and average weight (1.6 ± 0.2 mg). Water parameters showed that increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 significantly ( p < 0.05 ) reduced total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N) and increased nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in the water. The insignificant difference ( p > 0.05 ) and lowest final average length, average length gain, average weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR) were recorded in C/N ratios of 10 and 15 compared to a C/N ratio of 20. A significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) in survival was observed with the increasing C/N ratio. Increasing the fish stocking density resulted in higher mortality. However, a higher amount of fry produced was observed in the treatments with 3 and 4 spawn L−1. Crude protein content increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) with the increasing C/N ratio with higher content in C/N 20. No significant difference ( p > 0.05 ) in proximate composition of biofloc was observed in different stocking density groups. In conclusion, the application of the biofloc technology with a C/N ratio of 20 at a stocking density of 4 spawn L−1 could be recommended to increase the production of catla fry in the indoor biofloc system.

[1]  H. Adineh,et al.  Effect of Stocking Density and Dietary Protein Level in Biofloc System on the Growth, Digestive and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, Health, and Resistance to Acute Crowding Stress in Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) , 2022, Aquaculture nutrition.

[2]  D. Pathan,et al.  Evaluation of different stocking densities and carbon:nitrogen ratios on growth, body composition and production performance of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) spawn in biofloc based‐nursery system , 2022, Aquaculture Research.

[3]  Md Moshiur Rahman,et al.  Application of Biofloc Technology for the culture of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) in Bangladesh: stocking density, floc volume, growth performance, and profitability , 2022, Aquaculture International.

[4]  Pradyut Biswas,et al.  An integrated biomarker approach to assess the welfare status of Ompok bimaculatus (Pabda) in biofloc system with altered C/N ratio and subjected to acute ammonia stress , 2021 .

[5]  Hani Sewilam,et al.  Biofloc Systems for Sustainable Production of Economically Important Aquatic Species: A Review , 2021, Sustainability.

[6]  Demin Zhang,et al.  Effects of sucrose addition on water quality and bacterioplankton community in the Pacific White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) culture system , 2021 .

[7]  Luiz Augusto Cipriani,et al.  Goldfish (Carassius auratus) larviculture in biofloc systems: Level of Artemia nauplii, stocking density and concentration of the bioflocs , 2021, Aquaculture.

[8]  A. Arshad,et al.  Effects of C‐N ratio on growth, survival and proximate composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae reared under a corn starch based zero‐exchange brackish water biofloc system , 2021 .

[9]  J. K. Sundaray,et al.  Broodstock Management and Fish Seed Production , 2020 .

[10]  M. Khanjani,et al.  Effects of different carbon to nitrogen ratios in the biofloc system on water quality, growth, and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings , 2020, Aquaculture International.

[11]  K. Vasagam,et al.  Evaluation of biofloc generation protocols to adopt high density nursery rearing of Penaeus vannamei for better growth performances, protective responses and immuno modulation in biofloc based technology , 2020 .

[12]  H. Adineh,et al.  Biofloc technology improves growth, innate immune responses, oxidative status, and resistance to acute stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under high stocking density. , 2019, Fish & shellfish immunology.

[13]  A. Kiessling,et al.  Spent brewer's yeast as a replacement for fishmeal in diets for giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ), reared in either clear water or a biofloc environment , 2019, Aquaculture Nutrition.

[14]  V. Balasubramanyam.  Growth Performance , 2019, The Economy of India.

[15]  R. Sarpong,et al.  Bio-inspired synthesis of xishacorenes A, B, and C, and a new congener from fuscol† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02572c , 2019, Chemical science.

[16]  E. Ebrahimi,et al.  Growth performance, intestinal morphology and nonspecific immunity response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry cultured in biofloc systems with different carbon sources and input C:N ratios , 2019, Aquaculture.

[17]  B. Mohapatra,et al.  Induced breeding of Catla catla carried out at low temperature in FRP carp hatchery of Arunachal Pradesh, India , 2019, Journal of Environmental Biology.

[18]  B. Bais.  Fish scenario in India with emphasis on Indian major carps , 2018, International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology.

[19]  A. Panigrahi,et al.  Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C:N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system , 2018, Aquaculture Research.

[20]  S. Otta,et al.  Carbon: Nitrogen (C:N) ratio level variation influences microbial community of the system and growth as well as immunity of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc based culture system , 2018, Fish & shellfish immunology.

[21]  Zhangying Ye,et al.  Influence of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activities, immune responses, antioxidant of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings in biofloc systems , 2018, Fish & shellfish immunology.

[22]  N. Romano,et al.  Fermenting rice bran as a carbon source for biofloc technology improved the water quality, growth, feeding efficiencies, and biochemical composition of African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles , 2018, Aquaculture Research.

[23]  T. Samocha,et al.  Effects of two commercial feeds for semi-intensive and hyper-intensive culture and four C/N ratios on water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles at high density in biofloc-based, zero-exchange outdoor tanks , 2018 .

[24]  T. Budiardi,et al.  Growth performance and robustness of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in biofloc‐based nursery production with different stocking densities , 2018 .

[25]  M. Ebrahimi,et al.  Influence of carbon/nitrogen ratios on biofloc production and biochemical composition and subsequent effects on the growth, physiological status and disease resistance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in glycerol-based biofloc systems , 2018 .

[26]  K. N. Mohanta,et al.  Effect of dietary incorporation of fish/prawn meal on performance of Catla catla (Hamilton) during nursery phase , 2017 .

[27]  Julie Ekasari,et al.  Biofloc technology application in African catfish fingerling production: The effects on the reproductive performance of broodstock and the quality of eggs and larvae , 2016 .

[28]  M. Khanjani,et al.  Study on nursery growth performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) under different feeding levels in zero water exchange system , 2016 .

[29]  T. Samocha,et al.  Effects of C/N ratio on biofloc development, water quality, and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles in a biofloc-based, high-density, zero-exchange, outdoor tank system , 2016 .

[30]  Prepared.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 2016 .

[31]  M. Hernández‐Vergara,et al.  C:N ratios affect nitrogen removal and production of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised in a biofloc system under high density cultivation , 2016 .

[32]  Deguang Yu,et al.  Effect of C/N ratio on water quality in zero-water exchange tanks and the biofloc supplementation in feed on the growth performance of crucian carp, Carassius auratus , 2015 .

[33]  Rodrigo Schveitzer,et al.  The use of biofloc technology in a South American catfish (Rhamdia quelen) hatchery: Effect of suspended solids in the performance of larvae , 2015 .

[34]  P. Bossier,et al.  Biofloc technology positively affects Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae performance , 2015 .

[35]  K. Mohamed,et al.  Sustainable Growth of Shrimp Aquaculture Through Biofloc Production as Alternative to Fishmeal in Shrimp Feeds , 2014 .

[36]  P. Bossier,et al.  The size of biofloc determines the nutritional composition and the nitrogen recovery by aquaculture animals , 2014 .

[37]  Guozhi Luo,et al.  Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system , 2014 .

[38]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Nursery of Litopenaeus vannamei Reared in a Biofloc System: The Effect of Stocking Densities and Compensatory Growth , 2013 .

[39]  L. Pan,et al.  Enhancement of immune response and antioxidant status of Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile in biofloc-based culture tanks manipulating high C/N ratio of feed input , 2013 .

[40]  M. Verdegem,et al.  Effect of C/N ratio levels and stocking density of Labeo victorianus on pond environmental quality using maize flour as a carbon source , 2013 .

[41]  C. E. Santo,et al.  Effect of different biofloc levels on microbial activity, water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a tank system operated with no water exchange , 2013 .

[42]  G. Gaxiola,et al.  Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review for Aquaculture Application and Animal Food Industry , 2013 .

[43]  L. Pan,et al.  Preliminary investigation into the contribution of bioflocs on protein nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different dietary protein levels in zero-water exchange culture tanks , 2012 .

[44]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) , 2012 .

[45]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems , 2011 .

[46]  A. Desai,et al.  Optimal water temperature and pH for development of eggs and growth of spawn of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) , 2011 .

[47]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Nursery of Pink Shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in Biofloc Technology Culture System: Survival and Growth at Different Stocking Densities , 2011 .

[48]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Primary Nutritional Content of Bio-Flocs Cultured with Different Organic Carbon Sources and Salinity , 2010 .

[49]  Sukenda,et al.  Nursery Culture Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei with Probiotics Addition and Different C/N Ratio Under Laboratory Condition , 2010 .

[50]  C. Chiu,et al.  Effects of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, on the survival, development, stress tolerance, and immune status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei larvae. , 2010, Fish & shellfish immunology.

[51]  D. Little,et al.  The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) , 2008 .

[52]  B. Biswas,et al.  A comparison of growth performance of Indian major carps, Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch) from natural and hatchery sources in Bangladesh , 2008 .

[53]  W. Verstraete,et al.  The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture , 2008 .

[54]  P. Sahu,et al.  Nursery rearing of kalbasu, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton), at different stocking densities in outdoor concrete tanks , 2007 .

[55]  E. Eding,et al.  Molasses as C source for heterotrophic bacteria production on solid fish waste , 2006 .

[56]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei , 2006 .

[57]  M. Timmons,et al.  Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems , 2006 .

[58]  J. Hargreaves.  Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture , 2006 .

[59]  Nitish Priyadarshi,et al.  Water Quality in Ponds , 2005 .

[60]  J. Sharma,et al.  Role of Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Catla, Catla catla, and Rohu, Labeo rohita, Larvae and Water Quality in a Recirculating System , 2003 .

[61]  P. J. Thompson,et al.  Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize , 2003 .

[62]  Kevin Barraclough,et al.  I and i , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[63]  Y. Avnimelech.  Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems , 1999 .

[64]  B. Wilén,et al.  The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the structure, size and size distribution of activated sludge flocs , 1999 .

[65]  C. Boyd.  Pond water aeration systems , 1998 .

[66]  S. F. Snieszko,et al.  The effects of environmental stress on outbreaks of infectious diseases of fishes , 1974 .

[67]  R. Stephenson.  A and V , 1962, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[68]  J. Folch,et al.  A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. , 1957, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[69]  K. S. Misra.  An Aid to the Identification of the Fishes of India, Burma, and Ceylon. II. Clupeiformes, Bathyclupeiformes, Galaxiiformes, Scopeliformes and Ateleopiformes , 1953, Records of the Zoological Survey of India.

[70]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Effects of restricted feeding levels and stocking densities on water quality, growth performance, body composition and mucosal innate immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry in a biofloc system , 2022 .

[71]  A. El‐Sayed.  Use of biofloc technology in shrimp aquaculture: a comprehensive review, with emphasis on the last decade , 2020 .

[72]  V. R. Vartak,et al.  Growth and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fry in biofloc system using various dietary protein levels. , 2020 .

[73]  W. Hager,et al.  and s , 2019, Shallow Water Hydraulics.

[74]  Coelho,et al.  Effect on nutritional composition of produced bioflocs with different carbon sources (Molasses, coffee waste and rice bran) in Biofloc system , 2018 .

[75]  Jessica Schulze,et al.  Biofloc Technology A Practical Guide Book , 2016 .

[76]  J. Hargreaves.  Biofloc production systems for aquaculture , 2013 .

[77]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[78]  I. Forster,et al.  Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles , 2008 .

[79]  H. Murthy,et al.  Effect of Varying Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Catla catla Fry in Nursery Cisterns , 2000 .

[80]  Awwa,et al.  Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 1999 .

[81]  S. D. Tripathi,et al.  Growth and survival in relation to various stocking densities of catla (Catla catla Ham.) spawn fed on a dry artificial diet , 1999 .

[82]  J. Jena,et al.  Dietary incorporation of meat meal as a substitute for fish meal in carp fry rearing , 1998 .

[83]  K. H. Alikunhi.  Fish culture in India , 1957 .