Diagnostik und Therapie des Vestibularisschwannoms – eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung

Zusammenfassung Vestibularisschwannome wachsen langsam im inneren Gehörgang, im Kleinhirnbrückenwinkel, intracochleär und intralabyrinthär. Größere Tumoren verdrängen und komprimieren den Hirnstamm. Bei einer jährlichen Inzidenz von 1:100 000 repräsentieren Vestibularisschwannome 6–7% aller intrakraniellen Tumore und sind mit einem Anteil von 90% der häufigste Tumor im Kleinhirnbrückenwinkel. Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT), Audiometrie und Vestibularisdiagnostik sind die wesentlichen Säulen der klinisch-apparativen Untersuchungen. Eine Übersicht über Tumorstadien, gebräuchliche Skalen zur Beurteilung der Fazialisfunktion und des Hörvermögens sowie eine kurze Darstellung aktueller Methoden der Vestibularisdiagnostik findet sich im ersten Teil dieses Referates. Zentrales Anliegen in der Beratung und Behandlung von Patienten mit Vestibularisschwannomen ist heute die dauerhafte Aufrechterhaltung oder Verbesserung der Lebensqualität. Die Erhaltung neuronaler Funktion steht dabei im Vordergrund, die Behandlungskonzepte – Beobachtung, Operation, stereotaktische Bestrahlung und Kombinationen – werden an die individuelle Situation des Patienten angepasst. Wichtig für die Qualitätskontrolle und die Verbesserung der Behandlungsergebnisse ist dabei der beständige, interdisziplinäre Dialog. In den vergangenen Monaten sind in nationalen und internationalen Zeitschriften zahlreiche Übersichtsarbeiten zum Thema Vestibularisschwannome erschienen. Auch anlässlich des HNO-Kongresses 2017 erscheint ein Sonderheft zu diesem Thema. Aus diesem Grund soll dieses Manuskript von der traditionellen Form im Sinne einer Literaturübersicht und der Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Behandlungsstandards bewusst abweichen. Das vorliegende Referat wurde daher als eine interdisziplinäre Fallsammlung konzipiert, in der für jedes Stadium der Erkrankung anhand von Beispielen Verlaufsbeobachtungen sowie mikrochirurgische und radiotherapeutische Möglichkeiten des Managements gezeigt werden. Daraus wird eine Systematik in Form von Entscheidungskaskaden und klinischen Behandlungspfaden entwickelt. Wesentliche Kriterien bei der Entscheidungsfindung zur Behandlung sind die Größe des Tumors, seine Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit, das Hörvermögen des Patienten bzw. die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer möglichst vollständigen Resektion unter Erhaltung der Hörfunktion und der Funktion des Fazialis, das Alter und Vorerkrankungen des Patienten, die möglichst gute Kontrolle der für die Lebensqualität so wichtigen Faktoren wie Vertigo und Tinnitus und letztlich auch die Neigung des Patienten. In die Entscheidung fließen Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse des jeweiligen Behandlungszentrums mit der einen oder anderen Behandlungsmodalität ein. Die aktuellen Literaturbefunde zu Fazialisfunktion, Hörvermögen, Schwindel, Tinnitus und Kopfschmerzen im Rahmen des natürlichen Verlaufes und von Behandlungen werden anschließend im Detail diskutiert und ihr Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität von Patienten mit Vestibularisschwannomen dargestellt. Das Symptom Schwindel spielt hier eine zentrale Rolle, weil es einer der wesentlichsten Prädiktoren von Lebensqualität und Arbeitsfähigkeit des Patienten ist. Die pathognomonischen, bilateralen Vestibularisschwannome, die im Rahmen der Neurofibromatose Typ 2 auftreten, unterscheiden sich im biologischen Verhalten von spontanen, unilateralen Tumoren. Die Behandlung der Patienten mit diesen bilateralen Tumoren bedarf, schon wegen der oft zahlreichen weiteren intrakraniellen und spinalen Läsionen, eines multidisziplinären Teams. Als zusätzliche Off-Label-Behandlungsoption ist hier der Einsatz von Bevacizumab möglich, wodurch die Größe der Vestibularisschwannome über längere Zeiträume konstant gehalten und ein drohender Hörverlust verzögert werden kann. Eine Rehabilitation des Hörens kann bei NF-2-Patienten mittels Cochlea- und Hirnstammimplantaten möglich sein.

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