Trends in National Forest Values among Forestry Professionals, Environmentalists, and the News Media, 1982-1993

This study empirically analyzes the evolution of national forest values in recent years. Four broad categories of forest values are distinguished: economic/utilitarian, life support, aesthetic, and moral/spiritual. A computerized content analysis procedure was developed to identify expressions of these four forest values related to the national forests. With this procedure, changes in the forest value systems of three groups— forestry professionals, mainstream environmentalists, and the general public—were tracked over time. Forest value systems were found to have shifted over the study period, and significant differences were found between the forest value systems of the three groups. Implications of this study for ecosystem management are discussed.

[1]  M. Sagoff.  Zuckerman's dilemma. A plea for environmental ethics. , 1991, The Hastings Center report.

[2]  B. Steel,et al.  Conflicting values about federal forests: A comparison of national and Oregon publics , 1994 .

[3]  R. Holthausen,et al.  Assessment of Terrestrial Species and Ecosystems , 1994 .

[4]  R. Eckersley.  Beyond Human Racism , 1998, Environmental Values.

[5]  M. Shannon,et al.  Lessons from the FEMAT: An Introduction , 1994 .

[6]  P. Morgan.  The spirit of place , 1981 .

[7]  李幼升,et al.  Ph , 1989 .

[8]  Joanne Vining,et al.  Are You Thinking What I Think You Are? A Study of Actual and Estimated Goal Priorities and Decision Preferences of Resource Managers, Environmentalists, and the Public , 1991 .

[9]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place , 1992 .

[10]  Richard M. Alston,et al.  Ecosy stem-Based Forestry Requires a Broader Economic Focus , 1993 .

[11]  N. Myers.  Ecological economics: The science and management of sustainability , 1992 .

[12]  T. L. Scheid-Cook,et al.  A Sand County Almanac , 1949 .

[13]  D. Bengston.  Reply from a neighboring village , 1994 .

[14]  W. Mclaughlin,et al.  Forest Places of the Heart: Incorporating Special Spaces into Public Management , 1993, Journal of Forestry.

[15]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Metaphors We Live by , 1981 .

[16]  R. Weber.  Basic content analysis, 2nd ed. , 1990 .

[17]  David P. Fan,et al.  Predictions of Public Opinion from the Mass Media: Computer Content Analysis and Mathematical Modeling , 1988 .

[18]  B. English.  Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability , 1991 .

[19]  P. Ries,et al.  Urban Forestry: Managing the Forests Where We Live , 1994, Journal of Forestry.

[20]  S. Kellert.  Historical Trends in Perceptions and Uses of Animals in 20th Century America , 1985, Environmental Review.

[21]  Richard C. Smardon.  When is the Pig in the Parlor?: The Interface of Legal and Aesthetic Considerations , 1984 .

[22]  A. Mcquillan,et al.  Cabbages and Kings: The Ethics and Aesthetics of New Forestry , 1993, Environmental Values.

[23]  Ralph Barton Perry,et al.  Realms of value , 1954 .

[24]  H. Schroeder.  The tree of peace: Symbolic and spiritual values of the white pine , 1992 .

[25]  J. W. Thomas,et al.  Forest ecosystem management : an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Report of the forest ecosystem management assessment team , 1993 .

[26]  J. Baird Callicott,et al.  The Land Aesthetic , 1983, Environmental Review.

[27]  R. E. Grumbine.  What Is Ecosystem Management , 1994 .

[28]  D. Worster.  Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas , 1986 .

[29]  Ralph Barton Perry,et al.  Realms of Value: A Critique of Human Civilization , 1954 .

[30]  J. Kennedy,et al.  Conceiving forest management as providing for current and future social value , 1985 .

[31]  M. Rokeach.  The Nature Of Human Values , 1974 .

[32]  Alan Agresti,et al.  Categorical Data Analysis , 1991, International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science.

[33]  R. Weber.  Basic Content Analysis , 1986 .

[34]  Greg Brown,et al.  The Implications of Work Force Diversification in the U.S. Forest Service , 1993 .

[35]  J. Watson,et al.  Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values , 1976 .

[36]  George H. Stankey,et al.  Analyzing Public Input to Resource Decisions: Criteria, Principles and Case Examples of the Codinvolve System , 1976 .

[37]  Joanne Vining,et al.  Values, emotions and desired outcomes reflected in public responses to forest management plans , 1999 .

[38]  R. Conard.  A conspiracy of optimism: Management of the national forests since World War Two , 1998 .