Indian guidelines on imaging of the small intestine in Crohn's disease: A joint Indian Society of Gastroenterology and Indian Radiology and Imaging Association consensus statement

Abstract The Indian Society of Gastroenterology (ISG) Task Force on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Indian Radiological and Imaging Association (IRIA) developed combined ISG-IRIA evidence-based best-practice guidelines for imaging of the small intestine in patients suspected to have or having Crohn’s disease. The 29 consensus statements, developed through a modified Delphi process, are intended to serve as reference for teaching, clinical practice, and research.

[1]  K. Ganesan,et al.  Imaging of the small intestine in Crohn’s disease: Joint position statement of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology and Indian Radiological and Imaging Association , 2017, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.

[2]  A. Merchea,et al.  Dysplasia and Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. , 2017, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[3]  C. Langner,et al.  Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders. , 2017, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[4]  V. Sreenivas,et al.  Accuracy of computed tomographic features in differentiating intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis , 2017, Intestinal research.

[5]  P. Higgins,et al.  Meta-Analytic Bayesian Model For Differentiating Intestinal Tuberculosis from Crohn's Disease , 2017, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[6]  P. Karling,et al.  Radiation exposure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome in the years 2001–2011 , 2017, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[7]  Jin Sil Kim,et al.  MR Enterography Assessment of Bowel Inflammation Severity in Crohn Disease Using the MR Index of Activity Score: Modifying Roles of DWI and Effects of Contrast Phases. , 2017, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[8]  V. Sreenivas,et al.  Development and validation of visceral fat quantification as a surrogate marker for differentiation of Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis , 2017, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[9]  C. Buskens,et al.  3rd European Evidence-based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn's Disease 2016: Part 2: Surgical Management and Special Situations. , 2017, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[10]  M. Zhu,et al.  Tuberculosis screening using IGRA and chest computed tomography in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A retrospective study , 2017, Journal of digestive diseases.

[11]  Jingjing Ma,et al.  Capsule endoscopy and single-balloon enteroscopy in small bowel diseases: Competing or complementary? , 2016, World journal of gastroenterology.

[12]  A. Amiot,et al.  Negative Screening Does Not Rule Out the Risk of Tuberculosis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Undergoing Anti-TNF Treatment: A Descriptive Study on the GETAID Cohort. , 2016, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[13]  N. Griffin,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Crohn׳s Disease. , 2016, Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR.

[14]  G. Masselli,et al.  Current tecniques and new perpectives research of magnetic resonance enterography in pediatric Crohn's disease. , 2016, World journal of radiology.

[15]  M. Gee,et al.  MR Enterographic Findings as Biomarkers of Mucosal Healing in Young Patients With Crohn Disease. , 2016, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[16]  N. Khandelwal,et al.  Small-Bowel Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study of MR Enterography and Small-Bowel Follow-Through. , 2016, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[17]  B. Bressler,et al.  Medical Imaging in Small Bowel Crohn's Disease—Computer Tomography Enterography, Magnetic Resonance Enterography, and Ultrasound: “Which One Is the Best for What?” , 2016, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[18]  S. Park,et al.  Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Enterography for Evaluating Bowel Inflammation in Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2016, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[19]  L. Sconfienza,et al.  Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound for Detection of Crohn's Disease Activity: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. , 2016, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[20]  R. Hefaiedh,et al.  Emergency surgery for Crohn's disease. , 2016, La Tunisie medicale.

[21]  J. Sung,et al.  Asia Pacific Consensus Statements on Crohn's disease. Part 1: Definition, diagnosis, and epidemiology , 2016, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[22]  Dong-Hoon Yang,et al.  Capsule Endoscopy for Crohn's Disease: Current Status of Diagnosis and Management , 2015, Gastroenterology research and practice.

[23]  Lifu Wang,et al.  Complimentary Imaging Modalities for Investigating Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Capsule Endoscopy, Double-Balloon Enteroscopy, and Computed Tomographic Enterography , 2015, Gastroenterology research and practice.

[24]  J. Zhao,et al.  Evaluation of intestinal tuberculosis by multi-slice computed tomography enterography , 2015, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[25]  Kathryn J Fowler,et al.  ACR Appropriateness Criteria Crohn Disease. , 2015, Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR.

[26]  G. Cabibbo,et al.  Computed tomography of bowel obstruction: tricks of the trade , 2015, Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[27]  J. Stoker,et al.  Grading of Crohn’s disease activity using CT, MRI, US and scintigraphy: a meta-analysis , 2015, European Radiology.

[28]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[29]  Raju Sharma,et al.  Computerized tomography-based predictive model for differentiation of Crohn’s disease from intestinal tuberculosis , 2015, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.

[30]  M. Amitai,et al.  Main Imaging Features of Crohn's Disease: Agreement between MR-Enterography and CT-Enterography. , 2015, The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ.

[31]  J. Gisbert,et al.  Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. , 2015, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[32]  U. Ghoshal,et al.  Indian Society of Gastroenterology consensus statements on Crohn’s disease in India , 2015, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.

[33]  I. Ordás,et al.  Characterization of Inflammation and Fibrosis in Crohn’s Disease Lesions by Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2015, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[34]  Ren Mao,et al.  Computed tomographic enterography adds value to colonoscopy in differentiating Crohn’s disease from intestinal tuberculosis: a potential diagnostic algorithm , 2015, Endoscopy.

[35]  F. Qi,et al.  Utility of the diffusion-weighted imaging for activity evaluation in Crohn’s disease patients underwent magnetic resonance enterography , 2015, BMC Gastroenterology.

[36]  A. Griffiths,et al.  Systematic review with meta‐analysis: magnetic resonance enterography signs for the detection of inflammation and intestinal damage in Crohn's disease , 2015, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[37]  S. Park,et al.  Diffusion-weighted MR Enterography for Evaluating Crohn's Disease: How Does It Add Diagnostically to Conventional MR Enterography? , 2015, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[38]  S. Wong,et al.  Performance of Interferon-gamma Release Assay for Tuberculosis Screening in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients , 2014, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[39]  Z. Zeng,et al.  Systematic review with meta‐analysis: magnetic resonance enterography vs. computed tomography enterography for evaluating disease activity in small bowel Crohn's disease , 2014, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[40]  P. Rutgeerts,et al.  Tuberculosis infection following anti-TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, despite negative screening. , 2014, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[41]  R. Piccazzo,et al.  Diagnostic Accuracy of Chest Radiography for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) and Its Role in the Detection of Latent TB Infection: a Systematic Review , 2014, The Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement.

[42]  Zhiyuan Wu,et al.  Differentiation of Crohn's Disease from Intestinal Tuberculosis by Clinical and CT Enterographic Models , 2014, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[43]  Cristina Lavini,et al.  Evaluation of conventional, dynamic contrast enhanced and diffusion weighted MRI for quantitative Crohn’s disease assessment with histopathology of surgical specimens , 2014, European Radiology.

[44]  E. Marchiori,et al.  Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Enterography Findings in Crohn's Disease: What Does the Clinician Need to Know from the Radiologist? , 2014, Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes.

[45]  A. Giovagnoni,et al.  CT enterography as a powerful tool for the evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn’s disease: relationship of CT findings with CDAI and acute-phase reactants , 2014, La radiologia medica.

[46]  H. Lee,et al.  Visceral Fat as a Useful Parameter in the Differential Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease and Intestinal Tuberculosis , 2014, Intestinal research.

[47]  L. Boyer,et al.  Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ileocolonic Crohn's Disease: Validation of Quantitative Index of Activity , 2014, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[48]  A. Amiot,et al.  European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. , 2013, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[49]  S. Ardizzone,et al.  Transperineal Perineal Ultrasound Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging In the Assessment of Perianal Crohn's Disease , 2013, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[50]  E. Louis,et al.  Role of endoscopy, cross-sectional imaging and biomarkers in Crohn's disease monitoring , 2013, Gut.

[51]  J. Lim,et al.  Diagnostic Role of Computed Tomographic Enterography Differentiating Crohn Disease From Intestinal Tuberculosis , 2013, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[52]  Jeroen A. W. Tielbeek,et al.  Imaging techniques for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: joint ECCO and ESGAR evidence-based consensus guidelines. , 2013, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[53]  D. Nanz,et al.  Magnetization transfer for the assessment of bowel fibrosis in patients with Crohn’s disease: initial experience , 2013, Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine.

[54]  F. Remzi,et al.  Crohn's disease complicated by strictures: a systematic review , 2013, Gut.

[55]  Xiang Gao,et al.  CT Enterography in Evaluating Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn’s Disease after Ileocolic Resection: Complementary Role to Endoscopy , 2013, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[56]  G. Masselli,et al.  CT and MR enterography in evaluating small bowel diseases: when to use which modality? , 2013, Abdominal Imaging.

[57]  L. Guidi,et al.  Comparison of Quantiferon-TB Gold versus tuberculin skin test for tuberculosis screening in inflammatory bowel disease patients. , 2013, Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD.

[58]  V. Petitcolin,et al.  Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging for detecting and assessing ileal inflammation in Crohn's disease , 2013, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[59]  T. Ripollés,et al.  Effectiveness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for characterisation of intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease: a comparison with surgical histopathology analysis. , 2013, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[60]  M. Gee,et al.  Detecting active inflammation and fibrosis in pediatric Crohn’s disease: prospective evaluation of MR-E and CT-E , 2013, Abdominal Imaging.

[61]  G. Ramesh,et al.  Indian Society of Gastroenterology consensus on ulcerative colitis , 2012, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.

[62]  U. Ghoshal,et al.  Survey of inflammatory bowel diseases in India , 2012, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.

[63]  A. Kim.  Role of Computed Tomography Enterography/Magnetic Resonance Enterography: Is It in Prime Time? , 2012, Clinical endoscopy.

[64]  M. Beland,et al.  Detection of Crohn's disease: Comparison of CT and MR enterography without anti-peristaltic agents performed on the same day. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[65]  P. Rutgeerts,et al.  Classification of inflammatory bowel disease: the old and the new , 2012, Current opinion in gastroenterology.

[66]  J. Reitsma,et al.  Additional Value of Upper GI Tract Endoscopy in the Diagnostic Assessment of Childhood IBD , 2012, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[67]  R. Farrell,et al.  Endoscopic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: colonoscopy/esophagogastroduodenoscopy. , 2012, Gastroenterology clinics of North America.

[68]  X. Tao,et al.  Quantitative measures of comb sign in Crohn’s disease: correlation with disease activity and laboratory indications , 2012, Abdominal Imaging.

[69]  F. Maccioni,et al.  Value of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of wall inflammation and fibrosis in Crohn’s disease , 2012, Abdominal Imaging.

[70]  H. Ashrafian,et al.  A Diagnostic Accuracy Meta-analysis of Endoanal Ultrasound and MRI for Perianal Fistula Assessment , 2012, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[71]  Aimin Li,et al.  Clinical, Endoscopic and Histological Differentiations between Crohn’s Disease and Intestinal Tuberculosis , 2012, Digestion.

[72]  M. Cicala,et al.  Upper Gastrointestinal Involvement of Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective Study on the Role of Upper Endoscopy in the Diagnostic Work-Up , 2012, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[73]  R. Pozzi Mucelli,et al.  Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) vs. MRI of the small bowel in the evaluation of Crohn’s disease activity , 2012, La radiologia medica.

[74]  J. Kjeldsen,et al.  Diagnostic accuracies of MR enterography and CT enterography in symptomatic Crohn's disease , 2011, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[75]  Diego R. Martín,et al.  Medical radiation exposure in children with inflammatory bowel disease estimates high cumulative doses , 2011, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[76]  J. Ojea,et al.  [Crohn's disease: the usefulness of MR enterography in the detection of recurrence after surgery]. , 2011 .

[77]  T. Shim,et al.  Chest computed tomography is more likely to show latent tuberculosis foci than simple chest radiography in liver transplant candidates , 2011, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[78]  Jordi Rimola,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of Crohn's disease: Validation of parameters of severity and quantitative index of activity , 2011, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[79]  J. Gisbert,et al.  Systematic review: the use of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis, assessment of activity and abdominal complications of Crohn’s disease , 2011, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[80]  Francesca Fornasa,et al.  Role of Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Differentiating between Fibrotic and Active Inflammatory Small Bowel Stenosis in Patients with Crohn's Disease , 2011, Journal of clinical imaging science.

[81]  L. Peyrin-Biroulet,et al.  Prospective comparison of computed tomography enterography and magnetic resonance enterography for assessment of disease activity and complications in ileocolonic Crohn's disease , 2011, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[82]  M. D. Jensen,et al.  Interobserver and intermodality agreement for detection of small bowel Crohn's disease with MR enterography and CT enterography , 2011, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[83]  M. Kanazawa,et al.  Tuberculosis screening programme using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test and chest computed tomography for healthcare workers accidentally exposed to patients with tuberculosis. , 2011, The Journal of hospital infection.

[84]  L. Bonomo,et al.  CT enterography with polyethylene glycol solution vs CT enteroclysis in small bowel disease. , 2011, The British journal of radiology.

[85]  P. Rutgeerts,et al.  Long-term monitoring of infliximab therapy for perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease by using magnetic resonance imaging. , 2011, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[86]  R. Fedorak,et al.  Patients With IBD are Exposed to High Levels of Ionizing Radiation Through CT Scan Diagnostic Imaging: A Five-year Study , 2011, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[87]  W. Reinisch,et al.  Factors impacting the results of interferon‐&ggr; release assay and tuberculin skin test in routine screening for latent tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases , 2011, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[88]  U. Ghoshal,et al.  CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY FOR OBSCURE GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN THE TROPICS: REPORT FROM INDIA , 2011, Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.

[89]  S. Galimberti,et al.  MR enterography with polyethylene glycol as oral contrast medium in the follow-up of patients with Crohn disease: comparison with CT enterography , 2010, Abdominal Imaging.

[90]  J. Han,et al.  Histopathology and TB-PCR kit analysis in differentiating the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease. , 2010, World journal of gastroenterology.

[91]  Stuart A. Taylor,et al.  MR enterographic manifestations of small bowel Crohn disease. , 2010, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[92]  E. Jung,et al.  Comparison of conventional abdominal CT with MR-enterography in patients with active Crohn's disease and acute abdominal pain. , 2010, Academic radiology.

[93]  S. Srivastava,et al.  Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histological Differentiations Between Crohn's Disease and Intestinal Tuberculosis , 2010, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[94]  P. Rutgeerts,et al.  Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease. , 2010, Gastroenterology.

[95]  C. Porter,et al.  Diagnostic Ionizing Radiation Exposure in a Population-Based Sample of Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , 2009, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[96]  S. Ng,et al.  Prospective Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy Guided by Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Crohn's Perineal Fistulas , 2009, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[97]  P. Rutgeerts,et al.  Mucosal healing predicts long‐term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn's disease , 2009, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[98]  Joel G Fletcher,et al.  Prospective comparison of state-of-the-art MR enterography and CT enterography in small-bowel Crohn's disease. , 2009, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[99]  Joel G. Fletcher,et al.  CT enterography and fistulizing Crohn’s disease: clinical benefit and radiographic findings , 2009, Abdominal Imaging.

[100]  Seong Ho Park,et al.  Crohn disease of the small bowel: comparison of CT enterography, MR enterography, and small-bowel follow-through as diagnostic techniques. , 2009, Radiology.

[101]  U. Ghoshal,et al.  Crohn’s Disease in India: A Multicenter Study from a Country Where Tuberculosis Is Endemic , 2009, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[102]  A. Sodickson,et al.  Recurrent CT, cumulative radiation exposure, and associated radiation-induced cancer risks from CT of adults. , 2009, Radiology.

[103]  N. Gourtsoyiannis,et al.  Crohn's disease lymphadenopathy: MR imaging findings. , 2009, European journal of radiology.

[104]  I. Ordás,et al.  Magnetic resonance for assessment of disease activity and severity in ileocolonic Crohn’s disease , 2009, Gut.

[105]  Ajay Singh,et al.  Computed tomographic enterography and enteroclysis: pearls and pitfalls. , 2008, Current problems in diagnostic radiology.

[106]  B. Schueler,et al.  Diagnostic Ionizing Radiation Exposure in a Population-Based Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2008, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[107]  G. Rook,et al.  In situ PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in endoscopic mucosal biopsy specimens of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn disease. , 2008, American journal of clinical pathology.

[108]  K. Turetschek,et al.  Anastomotic recurrence of Crohn’s disease after ileocolic resection: comparison of MR enteroclysis with endoscopy , 2008, European Radiology.

[109]  Roelof J Bennink,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging in Crohn's disease , 2008 .

[110]  G. Masselli,et al.  Comparison of MR enteroclysis with MR enterography and conventional enteroclysis in patients with Crohn’s disease , 2008, European Radiology.

[111]  D. Amarapurkar,et al.  Diagnosis of Crohn's disease in India where tuberculosis is widely prevalent. , 2008, World journal of gastroenterology.

[112]  Joshua Burrill,et al.  Tuberculosis: a radiologic review. , 2007, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[113]  L. Sandvik,et al.  A prospective randomized comparison between two MRI studies of the small bowel in Crohn’s disease, the oral contrast method and MR enteroclysis , 2007, European Radiology.

[114]  J. Fletcher,et al.  Active Crohn disease: CT findings and interobserver agreement for enteric phase CT enterography. , 2006, Radiology.

[115]  M. Pentecost,et al.  Role of colonoscopic biopsy in distinguishing between Crohn’s disease and intestinal tuberculosis , 2006, Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[116]  G. Masselli,et al.  Assessment of Crohn’s disease in the small bowel: prospective comparison of magnetic resonance enteroclysis with conventional enteroclysis , 2006, European Radiology.

[117]  Amy K Hara,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of the Yield of Capsule Endoscopy Compared to Other Diagnostic Modalities in Patients with Non-Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease , 2006, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[118]  Joel Garland Fletcher,et al.  Quantitative measurement and visual assessment of ileal Crohn’s disease activity by computed tomography enterography: correlation with endoscopic severity and C reactive protein , 2006, Gut.

[119]  K-J Kim,et al.  Analysis of colonoscopic findings in the differential diagnosis between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease. , 2006, Endoscopy.

[120]  K R Abrams,et al.  Meta‐analysis: colorectal and small bowel cancer risk in patients with Crohn's disease , 2006, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[121]  Joel G Fletcher,et al.  Crohn Disease: mural attenuation and thickness at contrast-enhanced CT Enterography--correlation with endoscopic and histologic findings of inflammation. , 2006, Radiology.

[122]  L. Ryner,et al.  A Prospective Comparison Study of MRI versus Small Bowel Follow-Through in Recurrent Crohn's Disease , 2005, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[123]  J. Satsangi,et al.  Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. , 2005, Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie.

[124]  W. Fleig,et al.  Diagnosis of small bowel Crohn’s disease: a prospective comparison of capsule endoscopy with magnetic resonance imaging and fluoroscopic enteroclysis , 2005, Gut.

[125]  J. Stoker,et al.  MRI in Crohn's disease , 2005, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[126]  A. Schreyer,et al.  Abdominal MRI after enteroclysis or with oral contrast in patients with suspected or proven Crohn's disease. , 2004, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[127]  Nickolas Papanikolaou,et al.  Assessment of Crohn’s disease activity in the small bowel with MR and conventional enteroclysis: preliminary results , 2004, European Radiology.

[128]  A. Madureira.  The comb sign. , 2004, Radiology.

[129]  J. Fletcher,et al.  Assessment of small bowel Crohn disease: noninvasive peroral CT enterography compared with other imaging methods and endoscopy--feasibility study. , 2003, Radiology.

[130]  G. Porro,et al.  Contrast radiology, computed tomography and ultrasonography in detecting internal fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn's disease: a prospective comparative study , 2003, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[131]  G. Marchal,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Effects of Infliximab on Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease , 2003, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[132]  F. Carbonnel,et al.  Long-Term Evolution of Disease Behavior of Crohn's Disease , 2002, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[133]  W. Petritsch,et al.  Multiplanar spiral CT enterography in patients with Crohn's disease using a negative oral contrast material: initial results of a noninvasive imaging approach , 2002, European Radiology.

[134]  J. Belaiche,et al.  Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease , 2001, Gut.

[135]  A. Zinsmeister,et al.  A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and exam under anesthesia for evaluation of Crohn's perianal fistulas. , 2001, Gastroenterology.

[136]  Joseph Keane,et al.  Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent , 2001 .

[137]  D. Szolar,et al.  Small-bowel disease: comparison of MR enteroclysis images with conventional enteroclysis and surgical findings. , 2000, Radiology.

[138]  C. Bernstein,et al.  A prospective randomized comparison between small bowel enteroclysis and small bowel follow-through in Crohn's disease. , 1997, Gastroenterology.

[139]  A. Katz.  Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Annual checkup revisited. , 1996, Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.

[140]  R. Leder,et al.  Tuberculosis of the abdomen. , 1995, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[141]  D. Nolan.  Radiology of Crohn's Disease of the Small Intestine: A Review 1 , 1981, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[142]  G. Hellers,et al.  Occurrence and outcome after primary treatment of anal fistulae in Crohn's disease. , 1980, Gut.

[143]  P. gordon,et al.  A classification of fistula‐in‐ano , 1976 .

[144]  H. Tilg,et al.  3rd European Evidence-based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn’s Disease 2016: Part 1 Diagnosis and Medical Management , 2017, Journal of Crohn's & colitis.

[145]  Luca Cevasco,et al.  Computed tomography of the bowel: a prospective comparison study between four techniques. , 2013, European journal of radiology.

[146]  M. Gee,et al.  MRI predictors of treatment response for perianal fistulizing Crohn disease in children and young adults , 2013, Pediatric Radiology.

[147]  J. Lewis.  Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. , 2012, Gastroenterology & hepatology.

[148]  M. Picco.  Crohn Disease of the Small Bowel: Comparison of CT Enterography, MR Enterography, and Small-Bowel Follow-Through as Diagnostic Techniques , 2009 .

[149]  E. R. Ryan,et al.  Magnetic resonance enteroclysis compared with conventional enteroclysis and computed tomography enteroclysis: a critically appraised topic , 2007, Abdominal Imaging.

[150]  Amy K Hara,et al.  Crohn disease of the small bowel: preliminary comparison among CT enterography, capsule endoscopy, small-bowel follow-through, and ileoscopy. , 2006, Radiology.

[151]  S. Leardi,et al.  Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of non perianal fistulas and abscesses in Crohn's disease. , 1988, The Italian journal of surgical sciences.

[152]  R. Gedgaudas,et al.  Radiologic diagnosis of Crohn disease (with emphasis on its early manifestations). , 1981, Critical reviews in diagnostic imaging.

[153]  J. Muniz.  [Anorectal tuberculosis]. , 1960, Revista espanola de las enfermedades del aparato digestivo y de la nutricion.