Performance Evaluations and Efficient Sorting

Much of the production in firms takes place over time. This paper seeks to understand the value of interim performance information on long projects. In particular, the model explores the sorting effects of performance evaluations. Conducting an interim performance evaluation increases efficiency by providing the option to end projects with low early returns. The main result: It is efficient to allocate more resources towards the end of a project. This result holds under a variety of scenarios: when the worker has unknown ability, when the outside options vary with output, and even under an agency framework with a risk-averse agent.

[1]  Lars-Göran Mattsson,et al.  Information-Constrained Discrete Choice ∗ , 2004 .

[2]  H. Luss Optimization of a Multiperiod Resource Allocation Model , 1975 .

[3]  Korok Ray The Retention Effect of Withholding Performance Information , 2007 .

[4]  John Vickers,et al.  Performance Comparisons and Dynamic Incentives , 1997, Journal of Political Economy.

[5]  Ted O’Donoghue,et al.  Doing It Now or Later , 1999 .

[6]  Kevin J. Murphy,et al.  Optimal Incentive Contracts in the Presence of Career Concerns: Theory and Evidence , 1991, Journal of Political Economy.

[7]  Paul R. Milgrom,et al.  Short-Term Contracts and Long-Term Agency Relationships , 1990 .

[8]  Steven Tadelis,et al.  A Theory of Partnerships , 2002 .

[9]  William Meckling,et al.  Predictability of the Costs, Time, and Success of Development , 1962 .

[10]  J. Heckman Life Cycle Consumption and Labor Supply: An Explanation of the Relationship Between Income and Consumption Over the Life Cycle , 1974 .

[11]  Michael Waldman,et al.  Up-or-Out Contracts: A Signaling Perspective , 1990, Journal of Labor Economics.

[12]  Canice Prendergast,et al.  The Tenuous Trade‐off between Risk and Incentives , 2000, Journal of Political Economy.

[13]  Edward P. Lazear,et al.  Agency, Earnings Profiles, Productivity, and Hours Restrictions , 1981 .

[14]  M. Kamien,et al.  Expenditure patterns for risky R and D projects , 1971, Journal of Applied Probability.

[15]  Stanley Baiman,et al.  AGENCY RESEARCH IN MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: A SECOND LOOK. , 1990 .

[16]  J. Tirole,et al.  The economics of career concerns, part I: Comparing information structures , 1999 .

[17]  Raffi Indjejikian,et al.  Dynamic Incentives and Responsibility Accounting , 1998 .

[18]  T. Lewis Reputation and Contractual Performance in Long-Term Projects , 1986 .

[19]  Bengt Holmstrom,et al.  Moral Hazard and Observability , 1979 .

[20]  Charles M. Kahn,et al.  Two-Sided Uncertainty and "Up-or-Out" Contracts , 1988, Journal of Labor Economics.

[21]  Tilman Klumpp,et al.  Early Round Upsets and Championship Blowouts , 2004 .

[22]  Joseph G. Altonji Intertemporal Substitution in Labor Supply: Evidence from Micro Data , 1986, Journal of Political Economy.

[23]  Richard A. Lambert Long-Term Contracts and Moral Hazard , 1983 .

[24]  M. Weitzman,et al.  FUNDING CRITERIA FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND EXPLORATION PROJECTS , 1981 .

[25]  E. Lazear Output-Based Pay: Incentives, Retention or Sorting? , 2003, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[26]  E. Lazear,et al.  Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts , 1979, Journal of Political Economy.

[27]  Stanley Baiman Agency research in managerial accounting: a survey , 1982 .

[28]  Raffi J. Indjejikian,et al.  Performance Evaluation and Compensation Research: An Agency Perspective , 1999 .

[29]  R. Gibbons Piece-Rate Incentive Schemes , 1987, Journal of Labor Economics.

[30]  J. Heckman What Has Been Learned about Labor Supply in the Past Twenty Years , 1993 .

[31]  M. Morelli,et al.  Occupational Choice and Dynamic Incentives , 2000 .

[32]  Alessandro Lizzeri,et al.  The Incentive Effects of Interim Performance Evaluations , 2002 .

[33]  Justus D. Naumann,et al.  Empirical investigation of systems development practices and results , 1984, Inf. Manag..

[34]  Timeliness, Accuracy, and Relevance in Dynamic Incentive Contracts , 2021, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[35]  L. Summers,et al.  An Empirical Model of Labor Supply in a Life-Cycle Setting , 2007 .

[36]  Flavio Toxvaerd,et al.  A Theory of Optimal Deadlines , 2003 .

[37]  Michiel van Genuchten,et al.  Why is Software Late? An Empirical Study of Reasons For Delay in Software Development , 1991, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[38]  Peter Ove Christensen,et al.  Dynamic incentives and responsibility accounting: a comment , 2003 .

[39]  S. Imai,et al.  Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation , 2004 .

[40]  W. Rogerson Repeated Moral Hazard , 1985 .

[41]  James J. Heckman,et al.  A Life Cycle Model of Female Labour Supply , 1980 .

[42]  Richard A. Lambert,et al.  Contracting Theory and Accounting , 2001 .

[43]  Canice Prendergast The Provision of Incentives in Firms , 1999 .

[44]  R. Blundell,et al.  Labor Supply: A Review of Alternative Approaches , 1998 .

[45]  Tridas Mukhopadhyay,et al.  Software Project Duration and Effort: An Empirical Study , 2002, Inf. Technol. Manag..

[46]  Gerald A. Feltham,et al.  Dual Purpose Measures , 2003 .

[47]  Edwin Mansfield,et al.  Overruns and Errors in Estimating Development Cost, Time, and Outcome , 1971 .

[48]  Gene M. Grossman,et al.  Optimal Dynamic R&D Programs , 1985 .