Recent advances in the study of saccade trajectory deviations

In recent years, the number of studies that have used deviations of saccade trajectories as a measure has rapidly increased. This review discusses these recent studies and summarizes advances in this field. A division can be made into studies that have used saccade deviations to measure the amount of attention allocated in space and studies that have measured the strength of the activity of a distractor. Saccade deviations have also been used to measure target selection in special populations. Most importantly, recent studies have revealed novel knowledge concerning the spatial tuning and temporal dynamics of target selection in the oculomotor system. Deviations in saccade trajectories have shown to constitute a valuable measure of various processes that control and influence our behavior which can be applied to multiple domains.

[1]  Lynn Hasher,et al.  Repelling the young and attracting the old: examining age-related differences in saccade trajectory deviations. , 2009, Psychology and aging.

[2]  L. Optican,et al.  Model of the control of saccades by superior colliculus and cerebellum. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[3]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Sequential activity of simultaneously recorded neurons in the superior colliculus during curved saccades. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[4]  Raymond Klein,et al.  Inhibition of return , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[5]  R. Klein,et al.  A Model of Saccade Initiation Based on the Competitive Integration of Exogenous and Endogenous Signals in the Superior Colliculus , 2001, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[6]  A. L. I︠A︡rbus Eye Movements and Vision , 1967 .

[7]  D. Sparks,et al.  The deep layers of the superior colliculus. , 1989, Reviews of oculomotor research.

[8]  Jan Theeuwes,et al.  Spatial working memory and inhibition of return , 2006, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[9]  Eugene McSorley,et al.  The development of the spatial extent of oculomotor inhibition , 2009, Brain Research.

[10]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  The relationship between inhibition of return and saccade trajectory deviations. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[11]  D. Munoz,et al.  Lateral inhibitory interactions in the intermediate layers of the monkey superior colliculus. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[12]  E. McSorley,et al.  Saccadic eye movements as an index of perceptual decision-making , 2009, Experimental Brain Research.

[13]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Spatial attention-determined modifications in saccade trajectories. , 1995, Neuroreport.

[14]  J. Pratt,et al.  The effects of multisensory targets on saccadic trajectory deviations: eliminating age differences , 2010, Experimental Brain Research.

[15]  Jan Theeuwes,et al.  Early and late modulation of saccade deviations by target distractor similarity. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[16]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  Programming of endogenous and exogenous saccades: evidence for a competitive integration model. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[17]  Vision Research , 1961, Nature.

[18]  J. Pratt,et al.  Inhibition of return in location- and identity-based choice decision tasks , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[19]  M. Posner,et al.  Orienting of Attention* , 1980, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[20]  James M. Hillis,et al.  The effect of the physical characteristics of cues and targets on facilitation and inhibition , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[21]  Kuniharu Arai,et al.  A model of the saccade-generating system that accounts for trajectory variations produced by competing visual stimuli , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[22]  Jan Theeuwes,et al.  A competitive integration model of exogenous and endogenous eye movements , 2010, Biological Cybernetics.

[23]  D. Bouwhuis,et al.  Attention and performance X : control of language processes , 1986 .

[24]  S. Tipper,et al.  Selective Reaching to Grasp: Evidence for Distractor Interference Effects , 1997 .

[25]  A. Gorea,et al.  Comparison of perceptual and motor decisions via confidence judgments and saccade curvature. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[26]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  The spatial coding of the inhibition evoked by distractors , 2007, Vision Research.

[27]  J. Barton,et al.  Distractor effects on saccade trajectories: a comparison of prosaccades, antisaccades, and memory-guided saccades , 2008, Experimental Brain Research.

[28]  Casimir J. H. Ludwig,et al.  Stimulus-driven and goal-driven control over visual selection. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[29]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  Top-down influences make saccades deviate away: the case of endogenous cues. , 2007, Acta psychologica.

[30]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  The relationship between covert and overt attention in endogenous cuing , 2007, Perception & psychophysics.

[31]  D Lee,et al.  Effects of exogenous and endogenous attention on visually guided hand movements. , 1999, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[32]  H. Deubel,et al.  Effect of remote distractors on saccade programming: evidence for an extended fixation zone. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[33]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  Eye cannot see it: The interference of subliminal distractors on saccade metrics , 2009, Vision Research.

[34]  R. McPeek Incomplete suppression of distractor-related activity in the frontal eye field results in curved saccades. , 2010, Journal of neurophysiology.

[35]  M. Schlag-Rey,et al.  How the frontal eye field can impose a saccade goal on superior colliculus neurons. , 1992, Journal of neurophysiology.

[36]  S. Coren,et al.  Effect of Non-Target Stimuli upon Length of Voluntary Saccades , 1972, Perceptual and motor skills.

[37]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  Remembering a Location Makes the Eyes Curve Away , 2005, Psychological science.

[38]  R. Walker,et al.  Curved saccade trajectories: Voluntary and reflexive saccades curve away from irrelevant distractors , 2001, Experimental Brain Research.

[39]  Y. Takeda,et al.  Effect of previously fixated locations on saccade trajectory during free visual search , 2006, Vision Research.

[40]  Christian Quaia,et al.  The maintenance of spatial accuracy by the perisaccadic remapping of visual receptive fields , 1998, Neural Networks.

[41]  Jan Theeuwes,et al.  Relation between saccade trajectories and spatial distractor locations. , 2005, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[42]  Robert M McPeek,et al.  Competition between saccade goals in the superior colliculus produces saccade curvature. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[43]  P. Haggard,et al.  Time course of oculomotor inhibition revealed by saccade trajectory modulation. , 2006, Journal of neurophysiology.

[44]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Orienting of attention and eye movements , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[45]  P. Haggard,et al.  The control of saccade trajectories: Direction of curvature depends on prior knowledge of target location and saccade latency , 2006, Perception & psychophysics.

[46]  J. Hyönä,et al.  Emotional scene content drives the saccade generation system reflexively. , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[47]  M. Wallace,et al.  Enhanced multisensory integration in older adults , 2006, Neurobiology of Aging.

[48]  Jeremiah Y. Cohen,et al.  The neural basis of saccade target selection , 1995 .

[49]  P. Haggard,et al.  Frontal eye field stimulation modulates the balance of salience between target and distractors , 2009, Brain Research.

[50]  Eugene McSorley,et al.  Distractor modulation of saccade trajectories: spatial separation and symmetry effects , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[51]  N. Georgiou-Karistianis,et al.  Saccadic trajectory in Huntington's disease , 2006, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[52]  Neeraj J Gandhi,et al.  Simulations of saccade curvature by models that place superior colliculus upstream from the local feedback loop. , 2005, Journal of neurophysiology.

[53]  Lauri Nummenmaa,et al.  Gaze distractors influence saccadic curvature: Evidence for the role of the oculomotor system in gaze-cued orienting , 2006, Vision Research.

[54]  N. P. Bichot,et al.  Priming in Macaque Frontal Cortex during Popout Visual Search: Feature-Based Facilitation and Location-Based Inhibition of Return , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[55]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Spatial attention and eye movements , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[56]  Alan Cowey,et al.  The 30th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Fact, Artefact, and Myth about Blindsight , 2004, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[57]  P. Haggard,et al.  The spatial and temporal shape of oculomotor inhibition , 2009, Vision Research.

[58]  J. Pratt,et al.  Top-down control in time and space: Evidence from saccadic latencies and trajectories , 2010 .

[59]  Jan Theeuwes,et al.  Our eyes deviate away from a location where a distractor is expected to appear , 2006, Experimental Brain Research.

[60]  Casimir J. H. Ludwig,et al.  Target similarity affects saccade curvature away from irrelevant onsets , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[61]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[62]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  Saccade trajectory deviations and inhibition-of-return: Measuring the amount of attentional processing , 2009, Vision Research.

[63]  R. Wurtz,et al.  The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements , 1989 .

[64]  A Kok,et al.  Inhibitory inefficiency and failures of intention activation: age-related decline in the control of saccadic eye movements. , 2000, Psychology and aging.

[65]  A. Kingstone,et al.  The eyes have it! Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze , 1998 .

[66]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  Eye movement trajectories and what they tell us , 2006, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[67]  A. V. van Opstal,et al.  Dynamic ensemble coding of saccades in the monkey superior colliculus. , 2006, Journal of neurophysiology.

[68]  Hiroyuki Sogo,et al.  Saccade trajectory under simultaneous inhibition for two locations , 2007, Vision Research.

[69]  J. Theeuwes,et al.  Differences in distractor-induced deviation between horizontal and vertical saccade trajectories , 2008, Neuroreport.

[70]  Jan Theeuwes,et al.  The Influence of Blind Distractors on Eye Movement Trajectories in Visual Hemifield Defects , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[71]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Frontal eye field sends delay activity related to movement, memory, and vision to the superior colliculus. , 2001, Journal of neurophysiology.

[72]  P. Haggard,et al.  Spatial and temporal aspects of oculomotor inhibition as revealed by saccade trajectories , 2005, Vision Research.

[73]  M. Posner,et al.  Components of visual orienting , 1984 .

[74]  A. L. Yarbus,et al.  Eye Movements and Vision , 1967, Springer US.

[75]  D. Munoz Commentary: saccadic eye movements: overview of neural circuitry. , 2002, Progress in brain research.