Review article: Emerging issues in pediatric skin of color, Part 2

Dermatology for pediatric skin of color is the application of dermatology to the genetically diverse and distinctive segment of the pediatric population that includes children of non‐White racial and ethnic groups with increased pigmentation including individuals of Asian, Hispanic/LatinX, African, Native American, Pacific Island descent, indigenous people among others with overlap in particular individuals, and mixtures thereof. The discipline of pediatric skin of color can be challenging with difficulty in diagnosis of common conditions due to underlying pigmentation, variations in common hair styling practices, and differences in demographics of cutaneous disease. Whereas some conditions are more common in children of color, other conditions have nuances in clinical appearance and therapeutics with regard to skin color. This article, the second of the series, focuses on inflammatory skin disease nuances, melanocytic disorders, and hypopigmented mycosis fungoides.

[1]  N. Silverberg,et al.  Review article: Emerging issues in pediatric skin of color, part 1 , 2021, Pediatric dermatology.

[2]  D. Morrell,et al.  Structural racism and its influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in African American children , 2019, Pediatric dermatology.

[3]  D. Day,et al.  Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: Impact of Gender and Race on Efficacy and Safety , 2019, Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD.

[4]  C. Sergi,et al.  Melanonychia striata: clarifying behind the Black Curtain. A review on clinical evaluation and management of the 21st century , 2019, International journal of dermatology.

[5]  M. Koh,et al.  Should we biopsy melanonychia striata in Asian children? A retrospective observational study , 2019, Pediatric dermatology.

[6]  D. Margolis,et al.  Racial/Ethnic Variation in Use of Ambulatory and Emergency Care for Atopic Dermatitis Among US Children. , 2019, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[7]  Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Acne Vulgaris: 2019 Update # , 2019, International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology.

[8]  J. Silverberg,et al.  The prevalence and persistence of atopic dermatitis in urban United States children. , 2019, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[9]  D. Margolis,et al.  Association of Filaggrin Loss-of-Function Variants With Race in Children With Atopic Dermatitis. , 2019, JAMA dermatology.

[10]  Chunfu Wu,et al.  Population pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in Chinese children receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation , 2019, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica.

[11]  P. Brunner,et al.  Racial differences in atopic dermatitis. , 2019, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[12]  M. Rendon Hyperpigmentation Disorders in Hispanic Population in the United States , 2019, Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD.

[13]  Candrice R Heath Managing postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in pediatric patients with skin of color. , 2019, Cutis.

[14]  M. Karimi,et al.  Hypo-pigmented mycosis fungoides is a rare malignancy in pediatrics. , 2018, Dermatology online journal.

[15]  K. Harms,et al.  Subungual atypical lentiginous melanocytic proliferations in children and adolescents: A clinicopathologic study , 2018, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[16]  D. Margolis,et al.  Uncommon Filaggrin Variants Are Associated with Persistent Atopic Dermatitis in African Americans. , 2018, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[17]  Jerry Tan,et al.  Treating Acne in Patients With Skin of Color. , 2018, Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery.

[18]  K. J. Kim,et al.  Longitudinal melanonychia in adults and children: a clinical and histopathological review of Korean patients , 2018, European Journal of Dermatology.

[19]  J. P. Niemeyer‐Corbellini,et al.  Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a 20‐case retrospective series , 2018, International journal of dermatology.

[20]  Susan C. Taylor,et al.  Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Topical Dapsone Gel, 7.5% for Treatment of Acne Vulgaris by Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype. , 2018, Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD.

[21]  N. Luo,et al.  Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of atopic dermatitis and its impact on quality of life in Singapore , 2018, The British journal of dermatology.

[22]  K. Jang,et al.  Clinicopathologic features of 28 cases of nail matrix nevi (NMNs) in Asians: Comparison between children and adults , 2017, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[23]  Y. Liao,et al.  Longitudinal Melanonychia: Differences in Etiology Are Associated with Patient Age at Diagnosis , 2018, Dermatology.

[24]  M. Marchetti,et al.  Clinical Outcome and Prognosis of Young Patients with Mycosis Fungoides , 2017, Pediatric dermatology.

[25]  L. Fonacier,et al.  Pediatric Contact Dermatitis Registry Data on Contact Allergy in Children With Atopic Dermatitis , 2017, JAMA dermatology.

[26]  N. Silverberg Typical and atypical clinical appearance of atopic dermatitis. , 2017, Clinics in dermatology.

[27]  K. J. Kim,et al.  Longitudinal melanonychia in childhood: a clinical and histopathological review of Korean patients , 2017, European Journal of Dermatology.

[28]  H. Koga Dermoscopic evaluation of melanonychia , 2017, The Journal of dermatology.

[29]  R. Halder,et al.  Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a retrospective clinicohistopathologic study , 2017, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV.

[30]  D. Murrell,et al.  A comparison study of clinician‐rated atopic dermatitis outcome measures for intermediate‐ to dark‐skinned patients , 2017, The British journal of dermatology.

[31]  J. Ohn,et al.  Dermoscopic features of nail matrix nevus (NMN) in adults and children: A comparative analysis. , 2016, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[32]  J. Leyden,et al.  Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. , 2016, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[33]  J. Stein,et al.  Acral melanocytic lesions in the United States: Prevalence, awareness, and dermoscopic patterns in skin-of-color and non-Hispanic white patients. , 2016, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[34]  H. Koga,et al.  The BRAAFF checklist: a new dermoscopic algorithm for diagnosing acral melanoma , 2015, The British journal of dermatology.

[35]  Fernanda Mendes Araújo,et al.  Dermoscopy of black skin: A cross-sectional study of clinical and dermoscopic features of melanocytic lesions in individuals with type V/VI skin compared to those with type I/II skin. , 2015, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[36]  N. Arva,et al.  A clinical, histopathologic, and outcome study of melanonychia striata in childhood. , 2015, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[37]  J. Schaffer Update on melanocytic nevi in children. , 2015, Clinics in dermatology.

[38]  S. Feldman,et al.  Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 3. Management and treatment with phototherapy and systemic agents. , 2014, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[39]  K. Peris,et al.  Dermoscopic features and follow‐up changes of acral melanocytic naevi in childhood and adolescence , 2014, The British journal of dermatology.

[40]  L. Hynan,et al.  Reliability assessment and validation of the postacne hyperpigmentation index (PAHPI), a new instrument to measure postinflammatory hyperpigmentation from acne vulgaris. , 2014, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[41]  J. Silverberg,et al.  False “Highlighting” with Wood’s Lamp , 2014, Pediatric dermatology.

[42]  R. Naeem,et al.  Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in childhood and adolescence: a long‐term retrospective study , 2013, Journal of cutaneous pathology.

[43]  J. Sanches,et al.  Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a review of its clinical features and pathophysiology* , 2013, Anais brasileiros de dermatologia.

[44]  H. Tey,et al.  Atopic Dermatitis in African American Children: Addressing Unmet Needs of a Common Disease , 2012, Pediatric dermatology.

[45]  L. Eichenfield,et al.  Moderate to severe acne in adolescents with skin of color: benefits of a fixed combination clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% aqueous gel. , 2012, Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD.

[46]  V. Callender Fitzpatrick skin types and clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide gel: efficacy and tolerability of treatment in moderate to severe acne. , 2012, Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD.

[47]  M. Tang,et al.  Filaggrin mutations are associated with recurrent skin infection in Singaporean Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis , 2012, The British journal of dermatology.

[48]  M. Tang,et al.  Wide spectrum of filaggrin‐null mutations in atopic dermatitis highlights differences between Singaporean Chinese and European populations , 2011, The British journal of dermatology.

[49]  E. Simpson,et al.  Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. , 2011, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[50]  T. Giordano,et al.  Prevalence of G6PD deficiency in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients. , 2010, The Journal of infection.

[51]  A. Rhodes,et al.  Acral melanocytic nevi: prevalence and distribution of gross morphologic features in white and black adults. , 2010, Archives of dermatology.

[52]  H. Tey,et al.  Itch in ethnic populations. , 2010, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[53]  S. Stein,et al.  Mycosis Fungoides in the Pediatric Population: Report from an International Childhood Registry of Cutaneous Lymphoma , 2010, Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery.

[54]  J. Malvehy,et al.  Prevalence Study of Nevi in Children from Barcelona , 2008, Dermatology.

[55]  A. Irvine,et al.  The role of filaggrin loss-of-function mutations in atopic dermatitis , 2008, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[56]  H. Jacobe,et al.  UVA1 phototherapy is effective in darker skin: a review of 101 patients of Fitzpatrick skin types I–V , 2008, The British journal of dermatology.

[57]  Susan C. Taylor,et al.  Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey. , 2007, Cutis.

[58]  H. Wulf,et al.  Pigmentation after single and multiple UV-exposures depending on UV-spectrum , 2007, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[59]  C. Lynde,et al.  Use of pimecrolimus cream 1% (Elidel®) in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants and children: the effects of ethnic origin and baseline disease severity on treatment outcome , 2005, International journal of dermatology.

[60]  B. Meibohm,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective on ethnic differences. , 2004, International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[61]  F. Jaramillo-Ayerbe,et al.  Frequency and Clinical and Dermatoscopic Features of Volar and Ungual Pigmented Melanocytic Lesions: A Study in Schoolchildren of Manizales, Colombia , 2004, Pediatric dermatology.

[62]  M. Fredrikson,et al.  Frequency and distribution pattern of melanocytic naevi in Swedish 8-9-year-old children. , 2004, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[63]  T. Luger,et al.  Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediates itch: a novel pathway for pruritus in human skin. , 2008, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[64]  Thomas A. Luger,et al.  Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 Mediates Itch: A Novel Pathway for Pruritus in Human Skin , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[65]  A. Varghese,et al.  Topical nitrogen mustard in the management of mycosis fungoides: update of the Stanford experience. , 2003, Archives of dermatology.

[66]  H. Maibach,et al.  Racial (Ethnic) Differences in Skin Properties , 2003 .

[67]  M. Feinmesser,et al.  Juvenile mycosis fungoides diagnosed before 18 years of age. , 2003, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[68]  L. Khoo,et al.  The prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in Singapore school children , 2002, The British journal of dermatology.

[69]  E. Capparelli,et al.  Neoral pharmacokinetics in Latino and Caucasian pediatric renal transplant recipients , 2001, Pediatric Nephrology.

[70]  R. Langley,et al.  Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part I, efficacy. , 2001, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[71]  E. Tan,et al.  Profile and Outcome of Childhood Mycosis Fungoides in Singapore , 2000, Pediatric dermatology.

[72]  C. Pui,et al.  Thiopurine methyltransferase activity in American white subjects and black subjects , 1994, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[73]  W. Noble Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and beta haemolytic streptococci in relation to race. , 1974, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[74]  R. Stoughton Some bioassay methods for measuring percutaneous absorption. , 1972, Advances in biology of skin.