13 – Biology of the haemopoietic stem cell

This chapter focuses on the biology of the hemopoietic stem cells. The term hemopoietic stem cell is often used very loosely, embracing a wide range of cells and including many that are directly descended from the true stem cells. At least 99% of hemopoietic cells in bone marrow can be ruled out as stem cells. These are the morphologically recognizable cell lineages, classically assessed by the clinician for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and the lineage-restricted progenitor cells which form colonies in soft agar gels when presented with specific hemopoietic growth factors. Functional assays are essential for the multi or pluripotent cell populations which have no specific recognizable morphological characteristics. This chapter discusses about the spleen colony-forming unit assay, CFU-S. It explains concepts related to marrow repopulating ability. It also describes long-term culture initiating cells. The chapter elaborates in detail about properties of hemopoietic stem cells. The chapter concludes with a discussion on differentiation of the stem cells.

[1]  J. Till,et al.  DECLINE IN COLONY-FORMING ABILITY OF MARROW CELLS SUBJECTED TO SERIAL TRANSPLANTATION INTO IRRADIATED MICE. , 1964, Journal of cellular and comparative physiology.

[2]  J. Hendry,et al.  The relative spatial distributions of CFUs and CFUc in the normal mouse femur , 1975 .

[3]  G. Hodgson,et al.  Properties of haematopoietic stem cells surviving 5-fluorouracil treatment: evidence for a pre-CFU-S cell? , 1979, Nature.

[4]  N. Wolf,et al.  Developmental hematopoiesis from prenatal to young-adult life in the mouse model. , 1995, Experimental hematology.

[5]  T. Dexter,et al.  Defective ability to self-renew in vitro of highly purified primitive haematopoietic cells , 1985, Nature.

[6]  M. Tubiana,et al.  Kinetic parameters of bone marrow stem cells using in vivo suicide by tritiated thymidine or by hydroxyurea. , 1973, Blood.

[7]  J. Till,et al.  A cytological study of the capacity for differentiation of normal hemopoietic colony‐forming cells , 1967, Journal of cellular physiology.

[8]  T. Dexter,et al.  A comparison of hematopoiesis in normal and splenectomized mice treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. , 1990, Blood.

[9]  A. Jones,et al.  6 Growth factors in haemopoiesis , 1989 .

[10]  B. Lord,et al.  Proliferation of spleen colony forming units (cfu‐s8, cfu‐s13) and cells with marrow repopulating ability , 1993, Stem cells.

[11]  A. Morley,et al.  An animal model of chronic aplastic marrow failure. I. Late marrow failure after busulfan. , 1974, Blood.

[12]  M. Plumb,et al.  Hemopoietic stem cell inhibitor (SCI/MIP-1 alpha) also inhibits clonogenic epidermal keratinocyte proliferation. , 1993, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[13]  M. Tubiana,et al.  Proliferative activity of the stem cells in the bone-marrow of mice after single and multiple irradiations (total-or partial-body exposure). , 1970, International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine.

[14]  B. Lord,et al.  The cellular specificity of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation regulators. , 1984, British Journal of Cancer.

[15]  L. Czaplewski,et al.  Mobilization of early hematopoietic progenitor cells with BB-10010: a genetically engineered variant of human macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha. , 1995, Blood.

[16]  B. Lord.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPLEEN COLONY PRODUCTION AND SPLEEN CELLULARITY , 1971, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[17]  E. P. Evans,et al.  COMPARTMENTS AND CELL FLOWS WITHIN THE MOUSE HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM II. ESTIMATED RATES OF INTERCHANGE , 1975, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[18]  V. Bond,et al.  Viability of Stored Bone Marrow Colony Forming Units , 1968, Nature.

[19]  Y. Kitamura,et al.  Spleen colony-forming cell as common precursor for tissue mast cells and granulocytes , 1981, Nature.

[20]  H. Micklem,et al.  Limited potential of circulating haemopoietic stem cells , 1975, Nature.

[21]  I. Hampson,et al.  Transplantation potential of peripheral blood stem cells induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. , 1990, Blood.

[22]  L. Lajtha.  Stem cell concepts. , 1979, Nouvelle revue francaise d'hematologie.

[23]  S. Wilson,et al.  Kinetics of stem cell depletion and proliferation: effects of vinblastine and vincristine in normal and irradiated mice. , 1968, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[24]  V. Rizzoli,et al.  Stem cell migration and proliferation during severe anemia. , 1970, Blood.

[25]  J. Garland,et al.  A preliminary report: preparations containing Interleukin-3 (IL-3) promote proliferation of multipotential stem cells (CFUs) in the mouse. , 1983 .

[26]  L. Douay,et al.  Experimental Hematology Today—1989 , 1990, Experimental Hematology Today—1989.

[27]  G. Yeoh,et al.  Lineages, quantal cell cycles, and the generation of cell diversity , 1975, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[28]  T. Dexter,et al.  Macrophage-inflammatory protein protects multipotent hematopoietic cells from the cytotoxic effects of hydroxyurea in vivo. , 1992, Blood.

[29]  L. Lajtha,et al.  GRAFT SIZE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE KINETICS OF SPLEEN COLONY DEVELOPMENT , 1969 .

[30]  E. Wright,et al.  Identification and characterization of an inhibitor of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation , 1990, Nature.

[31]  T. M. Dexter,et al.  Suppression of apoptosis allows differentiation and development of a multipotent hemopoietic cell line in the absence of added growth factors , 1993, Cell.

[32]  J. Till,et al.  A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells. , 1961, Radiation research.

[33]  J. Hendry,et al.  The distribution of haemopoietic colony-forming units in the mouse femur, and its modification by x rays. , 1972, The British journal of radiology.

[34]  T. Dexter,et al.  The effect of prostaglandin E1 on hemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures. , 1980, Experimental hematology.

[35]  T. Holyoake,et al.  Contrasting effects of rh‐MIP‐1α and TGF‐β1 on chronic myeloid leukemia progenitors in vitro , 1993 .

[36]  T. Dexter,et al.  Myeloid cell kinetics in mice treated with recombinant interleukin-3, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF), or granulocyte-macrophage CSF in vivo. , 1991, Blood.

[37]  L. Lajtha,et al.  Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro , 1977, Journal of cellular physiology.

[38]  E. Shevach,et al.  Analogous functions of macrophages and Langerhans cells in the initiation in the immune response. , 1978, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[39]  D. Sachs,et al.  Epidermal Langerhans cells are derived from cells originating in bone marrow , 1979, Nature.

[40]  E. Shevach,et al.  Immunologic functions of Ia-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells. , 1978, Journal of immunology.

[41]  E. Frindel,et al.  Inhibition of CFU entry into cycle by a bone marrow extract. , 1977, Experimental hematology.

[42]  D. G. Walker,et al.  The hematogenous origin of osteoclasts: experimental evidence from osteopetrotic (microphthalmic) mice treated with spleen cells from beige mouse donors. , 1981, The American journal of anatomy.

[43]  J. Loutit,et al.  Osteoclasts derived from haematopoietic stem cells , 1980, Nature.

[44]  M. Ogawa,et al.  Blast cell colony assay for umbilical cord blood and adult bone marrow progenitors. , 1987, Blood.

[45]  C. Gilbert,et al.  Self‐maintenance capacity of CFU‐S , 1980, Journal of cellular physiology.

[46]  A. Nienhuis,et al.  Survival and retrovirus infection of murine hematopoietic stem cells in vitro: effects of 5-FU and method of infection. , 1991, Experimental hematology.

[47]  B. Lord,et al.  Enrichment of CFU-S proliferation inhibitor-producing cells based on their identification by the monoclonal antibody F4/80. , 1985, Journal of cell science.

[48]  G. N. Robertson,et al.  A new method of measuring the hydrogen bond stretching frequency νσ of a complex in solution , 1975, Nature.

[49]  M. Magli,et al.  Transient nature of early haematopoietic spleen colonies , 1982, Nature.

[50]  E. Wright,et al.  Specific inhibition of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation: characteristics of the inhibitor producing cells. , 1980, Leukemia research.

[51]  J. Till,et al.  PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS DIFFERING IN THEIR CAPACITY FOR SELF-RENEWAL , 1969, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[52]  Y. Kitamura,et al.  Development of mast cells from grafted bone marrow cells in irradiated mice , 1977, Nature.

[53]  A. Friedenstein,et al.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROBLAST COLONIES IN MONOLAYER CULTURES OF GUINEA‐PIG BONE MARROW AND SPLEEN CELLS , 1970, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[54]  H. Vogel,et al.  The self renewal probability of hemopoietic stem cells , 1968, Journal of cellular physiology.

[55]  E. Guittet,et al.  Inhibitor of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cell proliferation: purification and determination of its structure. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[56]  E. Wright,et al.  Effect of Haemopoietic Stem‐Cell Proliferation Regulators On Early and Late Spleen Colony‐Forming Cells , 1985, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[57]  G. Wagemaker,et al.  Stable multilineage hematopoietic chimerism in alpha-thalassemic mice induced by a bone marrow subpopulation that excludes the majority of day-12 spleen colony-forming units. , 1994, Blood.

[58]  F. Monette,et al.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STEM CELL SEEDING EFFICIENCY AND POSITION IN CELL CYCLE , 1979, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[59]  L. Lajtha,et al.  An Inhibitor of Stem Cell Proliferation in Normal Bone Marrow , 1976, British journal of haematology.

[60]  T. Dexter,et al.  The kinetic response of haemopoietic precursor cells, in vivo, to highly purified, recombinant interleukin-3. , 1986, Lymphokine research.

[61]  C. Eaves,et al.  Functional characterization of individual human hematopoietic stem cells cultured at limiting dilution on supportive marrow stromal layers. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[62]  L. Lajtha,et al.  SOME COMPARISONS OF THE KINETIC PROPERTIES OF FEMORAL AND SPLENIC HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS , 1970, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[63]  J. Hendry,et al.  A Comparison of Low and High Dose‐Rate Radiation For Recipient Mice In Spleen‐Colony Studies , 1984, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[64]  L. Lajtha,et al.  REGULATION OF HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELL TURNOVER IN PARTIALLY IRRADIATED MICE , 1972, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[65]  E. Wright,et al.  Stimulation of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation: characteristics of the stimulator-producing cells. , 1982, Leukemia research.

[66]  R. Ploemacher,et al.  Separation of CFU-S from primitive cells responsible for reconstitution of the bone marrow hemopoietic stem cell compartment following irradiation: evidence for a pre-CFU-S cell. , 1989, Experimental hematology.

[67]  T. Dexter,et al.  Growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in vivo. , 1991, Growth factors.

[68]  L. Lajtha,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF THE KINETIC STATUS OF BONE MARROW PRECURSOR CELLS: THREE CAUTIONARY TALES , 1974, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[69]  E. Wright,et al.  Spatial organisation of CFU-S proliferation regulators in the mouse femur. , 1984, Leukemia research.

[70]  B. Lord,et al.  The in vivo seeding of hemopoietic colony-forming cells in irradiated mice. , 1972, Blood.

[71]  G. Hodgson,et al.  ORGANIZATION OF HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS: THE GENERATION‐AGE HYPOTHESIS , 1979, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[72]  D. Harrison.  Proliferative capacity of erythropoietic stem cell lines and aging: An overview , 1979, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[73]  R. Schofield.  The relationship between the spleen colony-forming cell and the haemopoietic stem cell. , 1978, Blood cells.

[74]  I. Fehér,et al.  Some properties of the circulating hemopoietic stem cells. , 1974, Blood.

[75]  J. Till,et al.  THE DISTRIBUTION OF COLONY-FORMING CELLS AMONG SPLEEN COLONIES. , 1963, Journal of cellular and comparative physiology.

[76]  P. Quesenberry,et al.  Transforming growth factor beta directly regulates primitive murine hematopoietic cell proliferation. , 1990, Blood.

[77]  G. Hodgson,et al.  Detection of primitive macrophage progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow , 1979 .

[78]  P. Quesenberry,et al.  Colony-forming cells with high proliferative potential (HPP-CFC). , 1990, International journal of cell cloning.

[79]  E. Wright,et al.  Interaction of inhibitor and stimulator in the regulation of CFU-S proliferation. , 1982, Leukemia research.

[80]  L. Lajtha,et al.  Kinetics of Haemopoietic Colony Growth , 1971, British journal of haematology.

[81]  D. Orlic,et al.  What defines a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC): will the real PHSC please stand up! , 1994, Blood.

[82]  J. Till,et al.  THE EFFECT OF DIFFERING DEMANDS FOR BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION ON DNA SYNTHESIS BY HEMOPOIETIC COLONY-FORMING CELLS OF MICE. , 1965, Blood.

[83]  I. Weissman,et al.  Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. , 1988, Science.