Charge–discharge behavior of tin negative electrode for a sodium secondary battery using intermediate temperature ionic liquid sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide–potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide

Abstract The charge–discharge behavior of a Sn negative electrode for use in a sodium secondary battery was investigated in an intermediate temperature ionic liquid, NaFSA–KFSA ( x NaFSA  = 0.56, x KFSA  = 0.44, FSA = bis(fluorosulfonyl)amides), at 363 K. A Na/Sn half-cell was prepared using a Sn-film (10–12 μm t ) electrode. The charge–discharge curves at 0.619 mA cm −2 with cut-off voltages of 0.005 and 1.200 V exhibited three potential plateaus in both the charging (alloying) and discharging (de-alloying) processes, indicating the formation of various alloy phases. Charge and discharge capacities as high as 790 and 729 mA h (g-Sn) −1 , respectively, were obtained for the 1st cycle; however, the capacities decreased rapidly due to volume change during the alloying and de-alloying processes. The best cycleability was achieved when the lower and higher cut-off voltages were set to 0.005 and 0.200 V, respectively. In this case, a reversible capacity of about 300 mA h (g-Sn) −1 was obtained for the initial 15 cycles.

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