Quantum Gravity in Everyday Life: General Relativity as an Effective Field Theory

This article is meant as a summary and introduction to the ideas of effective field theory as applied to gravitational systems, ideas which provide the theoretical foundations for the modern use of general relativity as a theory from which precise predictions are possible.

[1]  B. Holstein,et al.  Erratum: Quantum corrections to the Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics [Phys. Rev. D 68, 084005 (2003)] , 2005 .

[2]  C. Burgess.  Supersymmetric Large Extra Dimensions and the Cosmological Constant: An Update , 2004, hep-th/0402200.

[3]  D. Minic,et al.  What is Quantum Theory of Gravity , 2004, hep-th/0401028.

[4]  D. Lowe,et al.  Real-time perturbation theory in de Sitter space , 2003, hep-th/0308135.

[5]  C. Burgess,et al.  Towards a Naturally Small Cosmological Constant from Branes in 6D Supergravity , 2003, hep-th/0304256.

[6]  C. Burgess,et al.  Effective actions, boundaries, and precision calculations of Casimir energies , 2003, hep-th/0304066.

[7]  H. Collins,et al.  Enhancement of inflaton loops in an -vacuum , 2004 .

[8]  T. Feldmann,et al.  Non-factorizable Contributions to $B \to \pi\pi$ Decays , 2004 .

[9]  J. Cervantes-Cota,et al.  The Early Universe and Observational Cosmology , 2004 .

[10]  H. Collins,et al.  The Enhancement of inflaton loops in an alpha vacuum , 2003, hep-ph/0309265.

[11]  M. Milgrom,et al.  Modified Newtonian Dynamics and the “Dearth of Dark Matter in Ordinary Elliptical Galaxies” , 2003, astro-ph/0309617.

[12]  T. Jacobson.  Introduction to Quantum Fields in Curved Spacetime and the Hawking Effect , 2003, gr-qc/0308048.

[13]  C. Burgess,et al.  Effective field theories and inflation , 2003, hep-th/0306079.

[14]  R. Brandenberger.  Lectures on the theory of cosmological perturbations , 2003 .

[15]  H. Collins,et al.  The fate of the a-vacuum , 2003, hep-th/0306028.

[16]  F. Larsen,et al.  Squeezed states in the de Sitter vacuum , 2003, hep-th/0305056.

[17]  T. Banks,et al.  de Sitter vacua, renormalization, and locality , 2003 .

[18]  D. Lowe,et al.  A note on α-vacua and interacting field theory in de Sitter space , 2003, hep-th/0302050.

[19]  B. Holstein,et al.  Quantum gravitational corrections to the nonrelativistic scattering potential of two masses , 2002, hep-th/0211072.

[20]  B. Holstein.  Quantum Corrections to the Schwarzschild and Kerr Metrics: Spin 1 , 2002, gr-qc/0607054.

[21]  F. Larsen,et al.  Interacting quantum field theory in de Sitter vacua , 2002, hep-th/0209159.

[22]  M. Hare,et al.  Recent results and current status of the muon g-2 experiment at BNL , 2002 .

[23]  Are inflationary predictions sensitive to very high energy physics , 2002, hep-th/0210233.

[24]  U. Danielsson.  On the consistency of de Sitter vacua , 2002, hep-th/0210058.

[25]  L. Susskind,et al.  Initial Conditions for Inflation , 2002, hep-th/0209231.

[26]  T.Banks,et al.  de Sitter Vacua, Renormalization and Locality , 2002, hep-th/0209113.

[27]  K. Melnikov.  On unitary evolution of a massless scalar field in a Schwarzschild background: Hawking radiation and the information paradox , 2002 .

[28]  I. Khriplovich,et al.  Quantum power correction to the Newton law , 2002, gr-qc/0207118.

[29]  Z. Bern.  Perturbative Quantum Gravity and its Relation to Gauge Theory , 2002, Living reviews in relativity.

[30]  U. Danielsson.  Inflation, holography, and the choice of vacuum in de Sitter space , 2002, hep-th/0205227.

[31]  S. Shenker,et al.  Signatures of short distance physics in the cosmic microwave background , 2002, hep-th/0201158.

[32]  B. Garbrecht,et al.  Quantum corrections to the Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman metrics (vol 529, pg 132, 2002) , 2001, hep-th/0112237.

[33]  M. Wise,et al.  The long range gravitational potential energy between strings , 2001, hep-th/0110091.

[34]  K. Melnikov,et al.  A Canonical Hamiltonian Derivation of Hawking Radiation , 2001, hep-th/0109201.

[35]  A. Aguirre,et al.  TOPICAL REVIEW: Astrophysical constraints on modifying gravity at large distances , 2001, hep-ph/0105083.

[36]  K. Kazakov.  On the notion of potential in quantum gravity , 2000, hep-th/0009220.

[37]  Jérôme Martin,et al.  Trans-Planckian problem of inflationary cosmology , 2000, hep-th/0005209.

[38]  Jérôme Martin,et al.  THE ROBUSTNESS OF INFLATION TO CHANGES IN SUPER-PLANCK-SCALE PHYSICS , 2000, astro-ph/0005432.

[39]  R. Wald.  The Thermodynamics of Black Holes , 1999, Living reviews in relativity.

[40]  TOPICAL REVIEW: Astrophysical constraints on modifying gravity at large distances , 2001, hep-ph/0105083.

[41]  Black Holes and Gravitational Waves New Eyes in the 21st Century , 2000 .

[42]  D. Bourilkov,et al.  Electroweak Physics , 2005, hep-ph/0501246.

[43]  A. Manohar,et al.  Renormalization group scaling in nonrelativistic QCD , 1999, hep-ph/9910209.

[44]  F. Wilczek,et al.  Hawking radiation As tunneling , 1999, Physical review letters.

[45]  J. Solà.  Radiative Corrections; Application of Quantum Field Theory to Phenomenology: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium , 1999 .

[46]  T. Jacobson.  Trans-Planckian Redshifts and the Substance of the Space-Time River , 1999, hep-th/0001085.

[47]  A. Pineda.  Erratum: More nonperturbative corrections to the fine and hyperfine splitting in heavy quarkonium [Phys. Rev. D 55, 407 (1997)] , 1999 .

[48]  J. Donoghue,et al.  Infrared Behavior of Graviton-graviton Scattering , 1999, hep-th/9901156.

[49]  C. Burgess.  An Ode to Effective Lagrangians , 1998, hep-ph/9812470.

[50]  A. N. Lasenby,et al.  The Cosmic Microwave Background , 1998, Living reviews in relativity.

[51]  C. Burgess.  Goldstone and pseudo-Goldstone bosons in nuclear, particle and condensed-matter physics , 1998, hep-th/9808176.

[52]  A. Pich.  Effective Field Theory , 1998, hep-ph/9806303.

[53]  A. Pineda,et al.  Potential NRQED: The positronium case , 1998, hep-ph/9805424.

[54]  M. Savage,et al.  Power counting in dimensionally regularized NRQCD , 1997, hep-ph/9707313.

[55]  P. Labelle.  Effective field theories for QED bound states: Extending nonrelativistic QED to study retardation effects , 1996, hep-ph/9608491.

[56]  Seyed Mojtaba Zebarjad,et al.  Nonrelativistic QED and next-to-leading hyperfine splitting in positronium , 1997, hep-ph/9706449.

[57]  S. Bellucci,et al.  Gravitational interaction to one loop in effective quantum gravity , 1996, gr-qc/9611018.

[58]  A. Manohar,et al.  Bound states and power counting in effective field theories , 1996, hep-ph/9610534.

[59]  W. Schweiger,et al.  Perturbative and Nonperturbative Aspects of Quantum Field Theory , 1997 .

[60]  M. Wise,et al.  Nucleon-nucleon scattering from effective field theory , 1996, nucl-th/9605002.

[61]  R. Shankar,et al.  Effective Field Theory in Condensed Matter Physics , 1996 .

[62]  Donoghue,et al.  Power counting of loop diagrams in general relativity. , 1996, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[63]  Jacobson,et al.  Hawking spectrum and high frequency dispersion. , 1996, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[64]  Burgess,et al.  Hawking radiation and ultraviolet regulators. , 1995, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[65]  S. Weinberg,et al.  Are nonrenormalizable gauge theories renormalizable , 1995, hep-th/9510087.

[66]  J. Donoghue.  Introduction to the Effective Field Theory Description of Gravity , 1995, gr-qc/9512024.

[67]  J. Froehlich,et al.  Renormalization Group Methods: Landau-Fermi Liquid and BCS Superconductor , 1995, cond-mat/9508063.

[68]  J. Polchinski.  String Theory and Black Hole Complementarity , 1995, hep-th/9507094.

[69]  Massar,et al.  Hawking radiation without trans-Planckian frequencies. , 1995, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[70]  H. Hamber,et al.  On the quantum corrections to the newtonian potential , 1995, hep-th/9505182.

[71]  G. Modanese.  Potential energy in quantum gravity , 1994, hep-th/9408103.

[72]  P. Norridge,et al.  Calculation of graviton scattering amplitudes using string-based methods , 1994, hep-th/9408014.

[73]  H. Leutwyler.  Goldstone Bosons , 1994, hep-ph/9409422.

[74]  Donoghue,et al.  General relativity as an effective field theory: The leading quantum corrections. , 1994, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[75]  H. Leutwyler.  Principles of chiral perturbation theory , 1994, hep-ph/9406283.

[76]  D. Dalvit,et al.  Running coupling constants, Newtonian potential, and nonlocalities in the effective action. , 1994, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[77]  Donoghue,et al.  Leading quantum correction to the Newtonian potential. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[78]  R. Shankar.  Renormalization group approach to interacting fermions , 1994 .

[79]  Jacobson,et al.  Black hole radiation in the presence of a short distance cutoff. , 1993, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[80]  U. Meißner,et al.  Recent developments in chiral perturbation theory , 1993, hep-ph/9302247.

[81]  J. Harvey,et al.  Recent directions in particle theory : from superstrings and black holes to the standard model : proceedings of the 1992 Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics, Boulder, Colorado, 1-26 June 1992 , 1993 .

[82]  Howard Georgi,et al.  Effective Field Theory , 1993 .

[83]  B. Holstein,et al.  Dynamics of the Standard Model , 1992 .

[84]  Jacobson,et al.  Black-hole evaporation and ultrashort distances. , 1991, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[85]  Simón,et al.  Stability of flat space, semiclassical gravity, and higher derivatives. , 1991, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[86]  H. Osborn,et al.  A DeWitt expansion of the heat kernel for manifolds with a boundary , 1991 .

[87]  S. Weinberg.  Effective chiral lagrangians for nucleonpion interactions and nuclear forces , 1991 .

[88]  M. Luke.  Effects of subleading operators in the heavy quark effective theory , 1990 .

[89]  Steven Weinberg,et al.  Nuclear forces from chiral Lagrangians , 1990 .

[90]  M. Wise,et al.  Weak transition form factors between heavy mesons , 1990 .

[91]  R. Haag,et al.  On the derivation of Hawking radiation associated with the formation of a black hole , 1990 .

[92]  M. Wise,et al.  Weak decays of heavy mesons in the static quark approximation , 1989 .

[93]  Steven Weinberg,et al.  The Cosmological Constant Problem , 1989 .

[94]  G. Lepage,et al.  Effective lagrangians for bound state problems in QED, QCD, and other field theories , 1986 .

[95]  S. Weinberg.  Superconductivity for Particular Theorists , 1986 .

[96]  J. Collins.  Renormalization: An Introduction to Renormalization, the Renormalization Group and the Operator-Product Expansion , 1984 .

[97]  Heinrich Leutwyler,et al.  Chiral perturbation theory to one loop , 1984 .

[98]  R. Jackiw,et al.  Three-Dimensional Cosmological Gravity: Dynamics of Constant Curvature , 1984 .

[99]  Joseph Polchinski,et al.  Renormalization and effective lagrangians , 1984 .

[100]  S. Christensen.  Quantum Theory of Gravity , 1984 .

[101]  H. Georgi.  Weak Interactions and Modern Particle Theory , 1984 .

[102]  G. Hooft,et al.  Three-dimensional Einstein gravity: Dynamics of flat space , 1984 .

[103]  M. Milgrom.  A modification of the newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis , 1983 .

[104]  S. Weinberg.  Why the Renormalization Group Is a Good Thing , 1983 .

[105]  F. Low,et al.  Asymptotic Realms Of Physics Essays In Honor Of Francis E Low , 1983 .

[106]  S. Berman,et al.  Nuovo Cimento , 1983 .

[107]  L. Abbott,et al.  Charge definition in non-abelian gauge theories , 1982 .

[108]  W. Unruh.  Experimental black hole evaporation , 1981 .

[109]  B. Ovrut,et al.  The Decoupling Theorem and Minimal Subtraction , 1981 .

[110]  B. Ovrut,et al.  Gauge theories with minimal subtraction and the decoupling theorem , 1981 .

[111]  N. D. Birrell,et al.  Quantum fields in curved space , 2007 .

[112]  M. Duff,et al.  Quantizing gravity with a cosmological constant , 1980 .

[113]  Suraj N. Gupta,et al.  Quantum field-theoretical electromagnetic and gravitational two-particle potentials , 1980 .

[114]  S. Weinberg.  Effective gauge theories , 1980 .

[115]  J. Zak,et al.  One-loop scalar field contributions to graviton-graviton scattering and helicity non-conservation in quantum gravity , 1980 .

[116]  M. Duff,et al.  New gravitational index theorems and super theorems , 1979 .

[117]  P. Davies,et al.  Quantum field theory in de Sitter space: renormalization by point-splitting , 1978, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[118]  S. Christensen.  Regularization, renormalization, and covariant geodesic point separation , 1978 .

[119]  A. Manohar.  Effective field theories , 1995, hep-ph/9508245.

[120]  W. Unruh.  Origin of the particles in black hole evaporation , 1977 .

[121]  T. Damour,et al.  Black-hole evaporation in the Klein-Sauter-Heisenberg-Euler formalism , 1976 .

[122]  N. Deruelle,et al.  Klein paradox in a kerr geometry , 1975 .

[123]  Exact results for effective Lagrangians , 1975 .

[124]  Michael Tinkham,et al.  Introduction to Superconductivity , 1975 .

[125]  P. Gilkey.  The spectral geometry of a Riemannian manifold , 1975 .

[126]  S. Hawking.  Particle creation by black holes , 1975 .

[127]  M. Duff,et al.  Photon corrections to the graviton propagator , 1974 .

[128]  M. Duff.  Quantum corrections to the Schwarzschild solution , 1974 .

[129]  S. Hawking,et al.  Black hole explosions? , 1974, Nature.

[130]  G. Hooft,et al.  One loop divergencies in the theory of gravitation , 1974 .

[131]  R. Wagoner,et al.  Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity , 1973 .

[132]  H. Okamura,et al.  Gauge Transformation and Gravitational Potentials , 1972 .

[133]  Y. Iwasaki.  Quantum theory of gravitation vs. classical theory. - fourth-order potential , 1971 .

[134]  J. Nilsson.  Advances in particle physics , 1969 .

[135]  Kenneth G. Wilson,et al.  Non-Lagrangian Models of Current Algebra , 1969 .

[136]  Julius Wess,et al.  STRUCTURE OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL LAGRANGIANS. II. , 1969 .

[137]  Y. Hahn,et al.  An Elementary Proof of Dyson’s Power Counting Theorem , 1968 .

[138]  S. Mandelstam.  FEYNMAN RULES FOR THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD FROM THE COORDINATE INDEPENDENT FIELD THEORETIC FORMALISM , 1968 .

[139]  S. Weinberg.  NONLINEAR REALIZATIONS OF CHIRAL SYMMETRY. , 1968 .

[140]  B. Dewitt.  QUANTUM THEORY OF GRAVITY. III. APPLICATIONS OF THE COVARIANT THEORY. , 1967 .

[141]  V. N. Popov,et al.  Feynman Diagrams for the Yang-Mills Field , 1967 .

[142]  S. Weinberg.  Dynamical approach to current algebra , 1967 .

[143]  B. Dewitt.  QUANTUM THEORY OF GRAVITY. II. THE MANIFESTLY COVARIANT THEORY. , 1967 .

[144]  S. Weinberg.  Infrared photons and gravitons , 1965 .

[145]  R. Feynman.  Quantum theory of gravitation , 1963 .

[146]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Coordinate invariance and energy expressions in general relativity , 1961 .

[147]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Wave Zone in General Relativity , 1961 .

[148]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Heisenberg representation in classical general relativity , 1961 .

[149]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING AND THE CLASSICAL SELF-ENERGY PROBLEM, , 1960 .

[150]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Interior Schwarzschild Solutions and Interpretation of Source Terms , 1960 .

[151]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Consistency of the Canonical Reduction of General Relativity , 1960 .

[152]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Note on positive-definiteness of the energy of the gravitational field , 1960 .

[153]  S. Weinberg.  High-Energy Behavior in Quantum Field Theory , 1960 .

[154]  Stanley Deser,et al.  Canonical variables for general relativity , 1960 .

[155]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Canonical variables, expression for energy, and the criteria for radiation in general relativity , 1960 .

[156]  Stanley Deser,et al.  Dynamical Structure and Definition of Energy in General Relativity , 1959 .

[157]  P. Dirac.  Fixation of coordinates in the Hamiltonian theory of gravitation , 1959 .

[158]  R. Arnowitt,et al.  Quantum Theory of Gravitation: General Formulation and Linearized Theory , 1959 .

[159]  Suraj N. Gupta.  Quantization of Einstein's Gravitational Field: General Treatment , 1952 .

[160]  Julian Schwinger,et al.  On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization , 1951 .

[161]  Albert Einstein,et al.  On The Motion of Particles in General Relativity Theory , 1949, Canadian Journal of Mathematics.

[162]  A. Einstein,et al.  The Gravitational equations and the problem of motion , 1938 .