Why do marathon runners have less bone than weight lifters? A vital-biomechanical view and explanation.

[1]  C Milgrom,et al.  Aging and matrix microdamage accumulation in human compact bone. , 1995, Bone.

[2]  R. Martin,et al.  Bone structure and remodeling , 1996 .

[3]  Y. Ma,et al.  Maintenance therapy for added bone mass or how to keep the profit after withdrawal of therapy of osteopenia. , 1995, Bone.

[4]  D M Nunamaker,et al.  Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: Relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training , 1990, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[5]  H. Ozawa,et al.  Inhibitory effects of bisphosphonate (YM175) on bone resorption induced by a metastatic bone tumor. , 1996, Bone.

[6]  R. Recker,et al.  Periosteal bone formation stimulated by externally induced bending strains , 1994, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[7]  L. Lanyon,et al.  Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: Function as a determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone , 1987, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[8]  A Heinonen,et al.  Bone mineral density in female athletes representing sports with different loading characteristics of the skeleton. , 1995, Bone.

[9]  Liss Hr INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS. , 1965 .

[10]  H. J. de Jongh,et al.  Strain in mandibular alveolar bone during mastication in the rabbit. , 1977, Archives of oral biology.

[11]  J. Zanchetta,et al.  Mechanical validation of a tomographic (pQCT) index for noninvasive estimation of rat femur bending strength. , 1996, Bone.

[12]  H. Frost,et al.  Skeletal adaptations during growth. , 1992, Triangle; the Sandoz journal of medical science.

[13]  D B Burr,et al.  Errors in bone remodeling: toward a unified theory of metabolic bone disease. , 1989, The American journal of anatomy.

[14]  G. Cunha,et al.  Histologic, morphometric, and immunocytochemical analysis of myometrial development in rats and mice: I. Normal development. , 1989, The American journal of anatomy.

[15]  D B Burr,et al.  The effects of altered strain environments on bone tissue kinetics. , 1989, Bone.

[16]  M. Bouxsein,et al.  Muscle strength as a predictor of bone mineral density in young women , 1990, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[17]  David B. Burr,et al.  Structure, Function, and Adaptation of Compact Bone , 1989 .

[18]  H. Frost An introduction to biomechanics , 1967 .

[19]  L. Lanyon,et al.  The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[20]  R. Marcus,et al.  Gymnasts exhibit higher bone mass than runners despite similar prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea , 1995, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[21]  Harold M. Frost,et al.  Bone Modeling and Skeletal Modeling Errors , 1973 .

[22]  M. Stokes,et al.  Size and strength of the quadriceps muscles of old and young women * , 1984, European journal of clinical investigation.

[23]  N. Sharkey,et al.  Strain and loading of the second metatarsal during heel-lift. , 1995, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[24]  S. Sepic,et al.  Strength of isometric and isokinetic contractions: knee muscles of men aged 20 to 86. , 1980, Physical therapy.

[25]  E J Mills,et al.  In vivo measurement of bone strain in the horse. , 1975, American journal of veterinary research.

[26]  H. Bliddal,et al.  Relationship between quadriceps strength and bone mineral density of the proximal tibia and distal forearm in women , 1993, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[27]  T. Skerry,et al.  Inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of formation by mechanical loading of the modeling rat ulna in vivo , 1995, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[28]  T. Lloyd,et al.  Collegiate Women Athletes With Irregular Menses During Adolescence Have Decreased Bone Density , 1988, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[29]  D. Carter,et al.  Cyclic mechanical property degradation during fatigue loading of cortical bone. , 1996, Journal of biomechanics.

[30]  D. Kiel,et al.  Health-related quality of life in osteoporosis clinical trials. The Osteoporosis Quality of Life Study Group. , 1993, Calcified tissue international.

[31]  E. Barrett-Connor,et al.  Grip strength and bone mineral density in older women , 1994, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[32]  W H McCartney,et al.  Age-related loss of bone mineral density in non-athletic and athletic women. , 1986, Bone and mineral.

[33]  L E Lanyon,et al.  Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone. , 1996, Bone.

[34]  I. Owan,et al.  Aging changes mechanical loading thresholds for bone formation in rats , 1995, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[35]  Friedrich Pauwels,et al.  Biomechanics of the Locomotor Apparatus , 1980 .

[36]  D B Burr,et al.  Increased intracortical remodeling following fatigue damage. , 1993, Bone.

[37]  D M Spengler,et al.  Regulation of bone stress and strain in the immature and mature rat femur. , 1989, Journal of biomechanics.

[38]  D B Burr,et al.  Skeletal change in response to altered strain environments: is woven bone a response to elevated strain? , 1989, Bone.

[39]  A. Burstein,et al.  The Mechanical Properties of Cortical Bone , 1974 .

[40]  G. Marel,et al.  Clinical disorders of bone and mineral metabolism. , 1983, Annals of internal medicine.

[41]  J. Bertram,et al.  Telemetered in vivo strain analysis of locomotor mechanics of brachiating gibbons , 1989, Nature.

[42]  David B. Burr,et al.  Computational Methods for Bone Mechanics Studies , 1992, Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl..

[43]  Hideaki Takahashi Spinal Disorders in Growth and Aging , 1995, Springer Japan.

[44]  C. Turner,et al.  Skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage: results from tibial loading studies in rats. , 1995, Bone.

[45]  John D. Currey,et al.  The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones , 1984 .

[46]  P. Kannus,et al.  Physical loading, exercise, and bone. , 1996, Bone.

[47]  M Martens,et al.  Aging of bone tissue: mechanical properties. , 1976, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[48]  M. Garabédian,et al.  Influence of spontaneous calcium intake and physical exercise on the vertebral and femoral bone mineral density of children and adolescents , 1995, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[49]  V. Frankel,et al.  Fatigue behavior of adult cortical bone: the influence of mean strain and strain range. , 1981, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[50]  C. Rubin,et al.  The cellular basis of Wolff's law. Transduction of physical stimuli to skeletal adaptation. , 1988, Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America.

[51]  E. L. Smith,et al.  Mechanical forces and bone. , 1989 .

[52]  T. Noakes,et al.  Bone mineral density in mature, premenopausal ultramarathon runners. , 1995, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[53]  H. Frost,et al.  Perspectives: A vital biomechanical model of the endochondral ossification mechanism , 1994, The Anatomical record.

[54]  W. Jee,et al.  The Skeletal Tissues , 1983 .

[55]  L. Weiss,et al.  Cell and tissue biology : a textbook of histology , 1988 .

[56]  H. Frost Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 2. Redefining Wolff's Law: The remodeling problem , 1990, The Anatomical record.

[57]  J. Ferretti Perspectives of pQCT technology associated to biomechanical studies in skeletal research employing rat models. , 1995, Bone.

[58]  C. Turner,et al.  The response of rat tibiae to incremental bouts of mechanical loading: a quantum concept for bone formation. , 1994, Bone.

[59]  Margareta Nordin,et al.  Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal Systm , 1989 .