2 From Knowledge to Implementation 85 . 2 . 1 Knowledge Translation into Practice : From Evidence to Change

The present chapter is aimed at enabling the readers to master the methods to ascertain whether an evidence-based recommendation is appropriate for real-world patients in specific contexts. Nowadays it is crucial to develop an individual capacity for critical assessment and to know where to search for updated and reliable sources of evidence. The methods, the processes, and the practical meaning of the most popular tools for the promotion of quality are presented with links to current projects and free of cost resources for professionals. The ultimate goal of the evidence-based medicine is to provide the patients with the best possible interventions. To reach this goal, knowledge has to be translated into practice. Guidelines and standards are popular instruments to disseminate and implement evidence-based recommendations. Nevertheless to implement them into specific contexts, some decisions are needed. The chapter includes a description of the main approaches used to adapt or adopt guidelines and standards. M. Ferri (*) • P. Griffiths European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal e-mail: marica.ferri@emcdda.europa.eu; maricaferri@emcddd.europa.eu N. el-Guebaly et al. (eds.), Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives, DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_64, # Springer-Verlag Italia 2015 1337 Quality is never an accident. It is always the result of intelligent effort. There must be the will to produce a superior thing. John Ruskin

[1]  M. Schaub,et al.  Building a European Consensus on Minimum Quality Standards for Drug Treatment, Rehabilitation and Harm Reduction , 2013, European Addiction Research.

[2]  Amanda Beaini.  Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health (R21): PAR-13-054 , 2013, Journal of Investigative Medicine.

[3]  Sarah E. Rosenbaum,et al.  Developing and evaluating communication strategies to support informed decisions and practice based on evidence (DECIDE): protocol and preliminary results , 2013, Implementation Science.

[4]  Anna Madill,et al.  Subjectivity in psychological science: from problem to prospect. , 2012, Psychological methods.

[5]  M. Schaub,et al.  Minimum Quality Standards in Drug Demand Reduction EQUS , 2011 .

[6]  A. Liberati.  Need to realign patient-oriented and commercial and academic research , 2011, The Lancet.

[7]  Ai Hua Zhang,et al.  Clinical pathways: effects on professional practice, patient outcomes, length of stay and hospital costs , 2011 .

[8]  G. Guyatt,et al.  GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence--study limitations (risk of bias). , 2011, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[9]  P. Schumm,et al.  Understanding the implementation of evidence-based care: A structural network approach , 2011, Implementation science : IS.

[10]  S. Doherty,et al.  Scotland's national approach to improving mental health services: integrated care pathways as tools for redesign and continuous quality improvement , 2010 .

[11]  E. James,et al.  What is a clinical pathway? Development of a definition to inform the debate , 2010, BMC medicine.

[12]  France Légaré,et al.  Adapting clinical practice guidelines to local context and assessing barriers to their use , 2010, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[13]  Andrew D Oxman,et al.  SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 15: Engaging the public in evidence-informed policymaking , 2009, Health research policy and systems.

[14]  Andrew D Oxman,et al.  SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) , 2009, Health research policy and systems.

[15]  B. Turner,et al.  Methodological Challenges and Limitations of Research on Alcohol Consumption and Effect on Common Clinical Conditions: Evidence from Six Systematic Reviews , 2009, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[16]  S. Straus,et al.  Defining knowledge translation , 2009, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[17]  P. Glasziou,et al.  Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence , 2009, The Lancet.

[18]  Peter J. F. Lucas,et al.  Adaptation of Clinical Practice Guidelines , 2008, Computer-based Medical Guidelines and Protocols.

[19]  Paul A. Fontelo,et al.  Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions , 2007, BMC Medical Informatics Decis. Mak..

[20]  G. Rennick.  Use of systemic glucocorticosteroids in pregnancy: Be alert but not alarmed , 2006, The Australasian journal of dermatology.

[21]  L. De Bleser,et al.  Defining pathways. , 2006, Journal of nursing management.

[22]  Nancy Kraetschmer,et al.  Patient, consumer, client, or customer: what do people want to be called? , 2005, Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy.

[23]  Michel Wensing,et al.  What drives change? Barriers to and incentives for achieving evidence‐based practice , 2004, The Medical journal of Australia.

[24]  M. Mäkelä,et al.  Towards evidence-based clinical practice: an international survey of 18 clinical guideline programs. , 2003, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[25]  Nils Brunsson,et al.  A World of Standards , 2000 .

[26]  R A Caplan,et al.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES , 2000, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[27]  M. Ferri,et al.  The Cochrane Review Group on Drugs and Alcohol. , 2000, Addiction.

[28]  K. Khunti,et al.  Barriers to the implementation of guidelines in general practice , 1998 .

[29]  H. Campbell,et al.  Integrated care pathways , 1998, BMJ.

[30]  G. Smith,et al.  Meta-analysis: Potentials and promise , 1997, BMJ.

[31]  D. Sackett,et al.  Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't , 1996, BMJ.

[32]  A. L. Cochrane,et al.  Effectiveness and efficiency: random reflections on health services , 1972 .